Commercial use of plant growth regulators in horticultural crops: An

~ 112 ~

The Pharma Innovation Journal 2022; SP-11(6): 112-119

ISSN (E): 2277-7695

ISSN (P): 2349-8242

NAAS Rating: 5.23

TPI 2022; SP-11(6): 112-119

www.thepharmajournal.com

Received: 24-04-2022

Accepted: 28-05-2022

Shweta Soni

Department of Vegetable

Science, BUAT, Banda,

Uttar Pradesh, India

Govind Vishwakarma

Department of Fruit Science,

RLBCAU, Jhansi,

Uttar Pradesh, India

SC Singh

Department of Fruit Science,

BUAT, Banda, Uttar Pradesh,

India

Sunil Kumar

Department of Vegetable

Science, BUAT, Banda,

Uttar Pradesh, India

RK Singh

Department of Vegetable

Science, BUAT, Banda,

Uttar Pradesh, India

Priya Awasthi

Department of Post Harvest

Technology, BUAT, Banda,

Uttar Pradesh, India

Vaishali Gangwar

Department of Plant Physiology,

BUAT, Banda, Uttar Pradesh,

India

Corresponding Author

Shweta Soni

Department of Vegetable

Science, BUAT, Banda,

Uttar Pradesh, India

Commercial use of plant growth regulators in

horticultural crops: An overview

Shweta Soni, Govind Vishwakarma, SC Singh, Sunil Kumar, RK Singh,

Priya Awasthi and Vaishali Gangwar

Abstract

Plant growth regulators either synthetic or natural have been found great and wide application in

increasing the crop production or when applied in small amount, they bring rapid changes in the

phenotypes of the plant and also influences the plant growth, right from seed germination to senescence

either by enhancing or by stimulating the natural growth regulatory system. In view of their wide

spectrum effectiveness on every aspect of plant growth, even a modest increase of 10-15% could bring

about an increment in the gross annual productivity by 10-15 million tonnes. The Plant growth regulators

(PBRs) have various economic importance in agricultural field. In vegetable growing, growth regulator

also become more popular for seed soaking, inflorescence spraying, producing hybrid seeds and making

seeds resistant to pest and diseases. Thus, growth regulators improve seed germination power, resistant

power against disease and unfavorable growth conditions, increase and produces yield earlier and

therefore, the yield become more qualitative and quantitative. Hence, advances in PBR technology will

likely to be achieved through a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for developmental

processes and a more comprehensive description of the specificity of substances in mediating key

biochemical steps. So, their importance has been boon and advantageous for farmers and horticulturists

due to whom they took advantage to earn by the practical implication of these hormones and growth

regulators.

Keywords: Plant, growth, physiology

Introduction

It has long been believed that the growth of a plant is due to the nutrients absorbed by the soil

and the nutrients in the plant. It is now known that plant growth is largely controlled by certain

chemical substances known as growth controls. PGRs contribute to plant growth and

morphogenesis. They should be used in the correct focus, category of use, details of specific

species, seasons, etc. (Birader and Navalagatti, 2008)

[6]

. Gardening is a common term for a

variety of crop combinations, for example, agriculture, pomology, floriculture and finishing,

nursery, restorative, flavor and aromatic plants, mushrooms, among the various circles of

developed plants. The theoretical history of the field of information provided, especially the

use of crop growth controls in agriculture is important in better understanding the emergence,

the way forward and its ideas. Since the 1930's, PGRs have been widely used in various

agricultural activities. Indian agriculture is becoming more and more mechanized and science

is increasing the opportunities to use inputs to improve food production and food security, the

role of crop growth regulators becomes more important; Crop growth controls provide an

immediate impact on crop development programs and do not consume much time. The

powerful role of plant growth control in the various physiological and chemical processes of

plants is well-known, not only making rapid changes in plant phenotype by accelerating

germination or growth but also helping to increase productivity. In addition, the unusual use of

plant growth controllers is known to bring about changes in tree conversion, growth and

distribution of assimilates (source - sink balance) and the number and quality of the desired

economic products of horticultural plants (Nickel, 1982, Nowale and Lawson, 1983)

[74, 75]

Class of plant growth regulators

Auxins: IAA, NAA, IBA, 2-4D, 4-CPA

Gibberellins: GA

Cytokinins: Kinetin, Zeatin

Ethylene: Ethereal

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Abscisic acid: Dormins, Phaseic Acid

Phenolic substances: Coumarin

Flowering hormones: Florigin, Anthesin, Vernalin

Natural substances: Vitamins, Phytochrome Tranmatic

Newly identiﬁed PGRs: Brassinosteroids, Jasmonates,

Triacontanol, Salicylic acid, Polyamines, Ancymidol,

Nitrobenzene, Seaweed products, xanthoxins, betasins, alar,

mefluidide

Growth inhibitors: AMO-1618, Phosphon-D, Cycosel, B-

999

Plant growth regulators and their associated functions

Class

Associated functions

Auxins

Apical dominance, root induction, control fruits drops, regulation of flowering, parthenocarpy, phototropism, geotropism,

herbicides, inhibit abscission, sex determination, xylem differentiation, nucleic acid activity.

Gibberellins

Stimulate cell division and elongation, stimulate germination of seeds Stimulates bolting/flowering in response to long days,

prevention of genetic dwarfism, increase flower and fruit size, dormancy, induces maleness in dioecious flowers, extending

self-life.

Cytokinins

Promotes cell division, cell enlargement and cell differentiation, stimulate bud initiation and root growth, translocation of

nutrients, prolong storage life of flowers and vegetables, prevent chlorophyll degradation, morphogenesis, lateral bud

development, delay of senescence.

Ethylene

Induce uniform ripening in vegetables, promotes abscission, senescence of leaf.

Abscisic

acid

Act as plant stress hormone, dormancy induction of buds and seeds, induces seeds to synthesize storage proteins, dormancy,

seed development and germination, stomata closing.

Role of PGRs

Plant growth factors play an important role in the various

physiological processes associated with the growth and

development of horticultural plants. It is clear that changes in

the level of endogenous hormones due to biotic and abiotic

stress alter plant growth and any kind of deception including

increased use of growth factors will help improve yields or at

least crop nutrition. PGR (or chemical messengers) is

produced in various areas such as leaves, foliage, root shoots,

etc. They are also distributed throughout the plant system

until they interact with the receptors and produce responses in

targeted cells (Mitchell, 1942 and Rademacher, 2015)

[63, 80]

such compounds primarily increase or decrease plant growth

in length. Because a large number of other processes such as

flowering, fruit formation, ripening, fruit reduction, fat

reduction, or quality factors can also be affected by ``

biological control '', this term will be used for better growth

and metabolic processes (Rademacher, 2015)

[80]

. Hormones

influence cell division, cell proliferation, cell formation and

function, and have the ability to control how a plant responds

to environmental stress (Ferguson and Grafton-Cardwell,

2014)

[17]

. Altering the action of hormones within the plant

(Harms and Oplinger, 1988; Hopkins and Huner, 2004)

[26, 28]

PGRs include plant growth characteristics based on factors

such as crop type, incentive type, amount of incentive used,

application time, growth phase, and location of application

renewal (Mitchell, 1942)

[63]

. Growth controls can improve

physical efficiency including photosynthetic ability and can

increase the functional separation of the source from the

source and immersion in field plants (Solaiman et al., 2001)

[99]

. The use of oil for growth and chemical controls in the

flowering phase can improve body function and can play a

significant role in increasing plant production (Dashora and

Jain, 1994)

[13]

. A large group of PGRs are combined,

reducing the shooting length. Such substances are often

referred to as '' growth retardants '' (Rademacher, 2015)

[80]

Commercial use of PGRs in horticultural crops

Crops

PGRs

Impact

Reference Citation

Fruits

Mandarin

2,4-D and

NAA

Decreased pre harvest fruit drop percentage, leading to increase in total

number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, juice percentage, total soluble

solids, acidity, vitamin-C, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars %

Nawaz et al. (2008)

[72]

Sweet orange

NAA

Maximum reduction of fruit drop, fruit retention, number of fruits per

plant and fruit yield per plant

Sweety et al. (2018)

[104]

Sapota

and NAA

Maximum fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, volume of fruit,

TSS, reducing and none reducing sugar, yield per tree, yield per

hectare and extended shelf life

Sahu et al. (2018)

[88]

Ethylene

Minimized the ripening time and increase physico-chemical properties

Vidhya et al. (2017)

[107]

Mango

Retarded the total loss in weight, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid

content, reduced amylase and peroxidase activity during ripening.

Sahu et al. (2018)

[89]

ABA

Higher total sugars and sucrose, regulating mang of ruitripening

Zaharah et al. (2012)

[109]

Ethylene

Initiating mango ripening

Nguyen and McConchie

(2002)

[73]

paclobutrazol

Suppressing vegetative growth, increase flowering, fruit yield and

quality

Yeshitela et al. (2004)

Banana

Ethephon

(1-MCP)

Delayed ripening process

Xiaoyang et al. (2015)

Guava

Maximum growth, yield, quality attribute and highest germination

Lal and Das (2017)

[53]

effective in shooting response, number of shoot/explants, shoot length

reducing, physiological loss in weight (PLW), decay, reduction in

diameter and juice content

Nagar et al. (2002)

[68]

Ethylene

Increase in the rate of skin yellowing and softening of immature-green

fruit

Reyes and Paull (1995)

[84]

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Custard apple

Enhanced shelf-life

Chouksey et al. (2013)

[12]

Pineapple

ABA

Reduced the intensity of internal browning, moisture loss and malic

acid content in the crown leaves

Nanayakkara et al. (2005)

[69]

Citrus

ABA, Ethylene

Induced callus formation

Goren et al. (1979)

[23]

Phalsa

NAA

Increased number of flowers per shoot, number of fruits per shoot, 100

fruits weight, juice percentage, minimum seed percentage and the

maximum yield per hectare

Kacha et al. (2012)

[33]

Increasing vegetative growth and yield

Singh et al. (2017)

[97]

Vegetables

Bitter gourd

NAA

Produced lower sex ratio gave, maximum number of fruits per plant

and finally yield per hectare with the maximum BCR

Khatoon et al. (2019)

[44]

Capsicum

NAA

Increased plant height, early flowering, number of branches, plant

spread, number of flowers per plant, shelf life and TSS

Singh et al. (2017)

[98]

Okra

ABA

Enhancing health promoting component

Prajapati et al. (2019)

[79]

IAA

Maximum plant height and intermodal length

Dhage et al. (2011)

[14]

SA and ABA

Significantly reduced the harsh effects of drought on okra germination

and growth parameters, enhance the tolerant ability

Baghizadeh and

Hajmohammadrezaei (2011)

[2]

CCC

Lowest days to first flowering, 50 per cent flowering, nodal position of

first flower, highest total number of harvestings, number of fruits per

plant, yield per plant and per hectare, weight of a single fruit, fruit

breadth, Vitamin – ‘A’ and crude fiber per cent

Kumar et al. (2018)

[50]

Brassinosteroid

Toincrease in plant growth and biomass, leaf area, chlorophyll content,

photosynthesis rate, photochemical efficiency of PS II

Wajid Khan et al. (2017)

[108]

Watermelon

TIBA

Better growth, early flowering, minimum sex ratio, highest fruit yield

and superior quality

Chaudhary et al. (2016)

[10]

Tomato

2,4-D and IAA

Development of seedless parthenocarpic fruit with increased size,

increase growth and yield attributes

Gelmesa et al. (2013)

[21]

;

Khaled et al. (2015)

[41]

For yield attribute

Sharma et al. (2018)

[94]

Ethylene

Promotion of fruit ripening, ﬂowering and overall plant growth

Sunidhi and Gandhi, 2019

[101]

Cytokinin

Breaking dormancy after seed imbibition, also allowing germination

and growth of dormant embryos.

Nawaz et al. (2012)

[71]

PBZ

Improves the photosynthetic activity and water balance

Berova and Zlatev (2000)

[5]

Thiourea

Increased plant dry weight and the tomato yield after inoculation

Nasr A. (1993)

[70]

Onion

NAA

Reduced physiological loss of weight, spoilage loss

Patel et al. (2010)

[10]

Brinjal

NAA

Long-styled flower percent, number of fruits/plant, and the highest

fruit yield

Moniruzzaman et al. (2014)

[65]

Pea

Maximum number of pods per plant, seed yield, seed index and protein

content in seeds

Bora and Sarma (2006)

[9]

Pumpkin

Enhancing growth and yield

Sure et al. (2012)

[109]

Bottle gourd

Maximum fruit length, fruits weight and fruits girth

Kumari et al. (2019)

[52]

Cucumber

maximum fruit set percentage, fruit retention and TSS

Kadi et al. (2018)

[34]

Ethylene

Induce femaleness

Rudich et al. (1969)

[87]

Muskmelon

Potassium

nitrate

Quality attributes such as TSS, carotene, ascorbic acid, flesh thickness,

fruit firmness, skin colour, moisture content and shelf life

Sindhuja et al. (2017)

[96]

CPPU

Increase number of fruits per vine, fruit weight and yield per vine

Sindhuja et al. (2017)

[96]

Lettuce

ABA

Minimize the effects of drought stress

Al Muhairi et al. (2016)

[1]

Cluster bean

SA and

Thiourea

Higher yield parameters, yield and gum content

Meena and Meena (2017)

[58]

Flowers

Calendula

NAA

Greater amount of carbohydrate accumulation and increased metabolic

activities

Khudus et al. (2017)

[45]

Increased CO

assimilation and photosynthetic rate and increased

mineral uptake

Bayat et al. (2012)

[3]

Clerodendrum

splendens

IBA

Increase in sprout length and root length

Jamal et al. (2015)

[31]

Orchid

NAA

Enhanced the plant growth and development

Khandaker, M. M. et al.

(2016)

[43]

Rose

IBA

Increase survival percentage, maximum number of roots and the

longest roots

Susaj et al. (2012)

[103]

Marigold

NAA

Maximum weight and diameter of fully opened flower

Meshram et al. (2015)

[61]

Increase vegetative growth and flowering

Mishra (2017)

[62]

CCC

Increased flower yield and number of flowers/plant

Kumar et al. (2011)

[46]

Triacontanol

Increase plant height, number of laterals, number of leaves and leaf

area

Muruganandam (2014)

[67]

Chrysanthemum

Increase plant height, number of branches, suckers, leaves plant

-1

, leaf

Sajid et al. (2016)

[90]

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area, days to flower and number of flowers

Gladiolus

Increase plant growth and flowering attributes

Reshma et al. (2017)

[83]

ABA

As a hormonal trigger in ethylene insensitive senescence process

Kumar et al. (2014)

[49]

Ethrel

Increased corm splitting, delayed flowering and slightly shortened

flower stems

Halevy et al. (1970)

[25]

Improves vase life

Rahmani et al. (2015)

[82]

Sprouting of multiple buds and increase production of corms

Sajjad et al. (2015)

[91]

Tuberose

Beneficial for sprouting

Ganesh et al. (2013)

[19]

China aster

Increase number of primary branches, flower yield per hectare, seed

yield per plant and seed yield per hectare

Kumar et al. (2015)

[48]

Increased growth, flower and seed yield

Kumar et al. (2015)

[48]

Matthiola

incana

Kinetin and

NAA

Shoot length, greatest number of nodes and highest length of roots

Hesar et al. (2011)

[27]

;

Kaviani et al., 2013

[37]

Cactus

ABA

Increase in calli fresh weight and colour

Lema-Ruminska et al. (2013)

[55]

Petunia

Ethylene

Induced adventitious root formation

Dimasi-Theriou et al. (1993)

[15]

Gerbera

BA and GA

Increase vase life, fresh weight, solution uptake, membrane stability

and TSS

Danaee et al. (2011)

Dahalia

Highest number of flowers and diameter of bud

Malik et al., (2017)

[56]

Conclusion

Either synthetic or natural crop growth controllers have been

found to be more efficient and comprehensive in increasing

crop production or when used in small amounts, bring about

rapid changes in plant phenotypes and also contribute to plant

growth, from seed purification to licensing or by enhancing or

revitalizing the growth control system. By looking at their

overall performance in all aspects of plant growth or just a

small increase of 10-15% can bring about an increase of total

annual production by 10-15 million tons. Plant growth

regulators (PGRs) have various type of economic significance

in the agricultural sector. In vegetable growth, growth control

is also popular for seed immersion, inflorescence spraying,

hybrid seed production and seed resistance to pests and

diseases. Therefore, growth regulators improve seed

germination capacity, disease resistance and poor growth

conditions, increase and produce a crop early and, therefore,

yields are better and more balanced. Therefore, advances in

PGR technology are likely to be achieved by a better

understanding of the mechanisms responsible for

development processes and a broader definition of specificity

in designing key chemical steps organic farmers because they

have used their profits by finding out what these hormones

and growth regulators mean.

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