Al-Qaida & ISIS in North Africa: A Brief Examination of the Jihadi

Testimony of

Laith Alkhouri

Before the

House Committee on Homeland Security

Hearing Entitled

"Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat”

Al-Qaida & ISIS in North Africa:

A Brief Examination of the Jihadi Terrorist

Landscape

March 29, 2017, 10:00am

House Visitors Center, Room 210

Washington D.C.

Laith Alkhouri

Co-founder & Director

Counterterrorism Research and Analysis

Flashpoint

New York, NY

www.ﬂashpoint-intel.com / info@ﬂashpoint-intel.com

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !1 23

Biography

Laith Alkhouri is a co-founder and the Director of Counterterrorism Research at Flashpoint,

a business risk intelligence company. Mr. Alkhouri, a native Arabic speaker and regular on-

air analyst for NBC News, has supported law enforcement and other government clients

on dozens of national security investigations. He directs Flashpoint’s Jihadist Threat Intelli-

gence service and serves as the lead on all primary-source research into Deep and Dark

Web networks used by terrorist groups and their supporters."

In that capacity, throughout the past decade, Mr. Alkhouri has researched and translated

thousands of jihadist documents, communiques and videos, analyzing jihadi terrorist activi-

ties across the Middle East, North Africa, and Central and Southeast Asia, and focusing on

their use of technology. Mr. Alkhouri brings expertise on the topic of how terrorist networks

operate on the Internet, monitoring emerging communication platforms and procedures

used to radicalize people, incite attacks, and evade detection."

Mr. Alkhouri has presented his ﬁndings to audiences at the State Department, Department

of Justice, Department of Defense, House Committee on Homeland Security, the Council

on Foreign Relations, the NYPD, a number of academic institutions and security confer-

ences. Mr. Alkhouri’s analysis and commentary are frequently cited in national and in-

ternational media reports.

Mr. Alkhouri holds an MS in International Affairs with a concentration on International Con-

ﬂict and Security from The New School University and a BA in Political Science from Man-

hattanville College."

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !2 23

(1) Introduction

North Africa has conventionally been the backyard of major Al-Qaida terror activity, pre-

dominantly Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) - and to this day the group poses a

signiﬁcant threat to the region and to Western civilians and interests. The terror threats

have created a sense of insecurity in major parts of the region, and AQIM has been the

primary perpetrator. Indeed, it has a long record of bombing and kidnapping attacks

against Westerners, extending its reach from Algeria to Tunisia, Mali and other countries.

The region has also witnessed the emergence of The Islamic State (ISIS/ISIL), further am-

plifying the preexisting sense of insecurity and instability, particularly in light of its seizure of

a major territory in Libya. It has played the role of a de facto governing body in Libya’s Sirte

City, affording it a comfortable launching pad for attacks across other Libyan cities, and

transnationally in Algeria and Tunisia — and potentially in the West.

ISIS and AQIM are highly adversarial toward the West in general and the U.S. in particular.

They possess a long track record of issuing threats and carrying out attacks aimed at

Western civilians and economic interests. Albeit both upholding the jihadist ideology, AQIM

and ISIS are highly oppositional toward each other. Their potential competition for domi-

nance drives each group to reassert its inﬂuence over the jihadi landscape in North Africa,

which signiﬁcantly raises the threat prospects against Westerners.

In addition, these groups thrive on being in the spotlight, and targeting Westerners brings

them considerable PR value. Looking at today’s jihadi landscape in North Africa and the

record of these groups, I believe that they will continue to pose a signiﬁcant threat to the

West in the future, regionally and internationally.

(2) Picture of the Threat

On March 6, 2017, al-Zalaqa Media Foundation, a jihadi media unit afﬁliated with al-Qaida,

released a video featuring the leaders of the Mali-based jihadi groups Ansar al-Dine, al-

Murabitoune, Macina Liberation Front, and the Sahara Region. In the video, Iyad Ag Ghali,

the top leader of Ansar al-Dine, announced the creation of “The Group for Support of Islam

and Muslims,” a new jihadi collective encompassing the aforementioned groups, declaring

the new collective’s allegiance to al-Qaida’s top leader Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri. Henceforth,

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !3 23

these groups will be operating under the umbrella of al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb

(AQIM), the terror group’s North Africa and Sahel faction.

On March 19, al-Qaida Central Command issued a statement accepting the pledge of al-

legiance, indicating that the new collective is:

an extension to what Qaida’t al-Jihad [al-Qaida] has taken as approach since its incep-

tion, in uniting the Islamic Ummah, unifying its ranks, to seek the establishment of Al-

lah’s Sharia, upholding justice, and ﬁghting injustice and tyranny; Allah has graced our

brothers in the jihadi groups in Mali to unite under the banner of one group.

The latest announcement constitutes a new milestone in the growth of al-Qaida’s presence

and operations at a time when the group behind the 9/11 attacks appears to have been

signiﬁcantly diminished. Although al-Qaida has been mostly decimated in large parts of Af-

ghanistan, Pakistan, and Yemen, its North Africa and Sahel networks appear to have ex-

ponentially grown, increasing their tempo of terror attacks and establishing links in North

and West Africa.

Throughout most of its existence, AQIM operated in central-east and northern Algeria, but

in the past several years it has expanded its operations to Tunisia and Mali, making AQIM

one of the most active al-Qaida branches. In Tunisia, the group’s faction “Uqba bin Nafae’

Brigade” — designated a terrorist group by the Tunisian government — has carried out a

number of attacks against security forces, most notably in the Chaambi Mountains, which

overlook Kasserine City in west-central Tunisia. In Mali, its faction al-Murabitoune — a

group afﬁliated with the notorious Mukhtar Belmokhtar’s “Signatories in Blood Brigade,”

responsible for the 2013 hostage crisis in In Amenas, Algeria — as well as other jihadi

groups, have merged under its leadership. On multiple occasions, al-Murabitoune has kid-

napped Westerners and targeted Western economic interests.

AQIM has demonstrated its will and intent to target Western nationals and interests. It has

kidnapped and killed European and American civilians, and targeted Western gas and oil

extraction plants. A number of the group’s hostage operations were kidnap-for-ransom,

and reportedly brought the group signiﬁcant sums of money.

https://justpaste.it/14mlp

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !4 23

Over the past three years, North Africa has witnessed the rise of the Islamic State (ISIS/

ISIL), most notably in Libya’s Sirte City, and to a lesser extent in the cities of Darna and

Benghazi in northeastern Libya. ISIS has also established a small branch in Algeria and

connected with jihadists in Tunisia. Unlike AQIM, whose attacks mostly consist of hit-and-

runs, kidnappings, and bombing operations, ISIS has been able to capture territory and

implement its form of governance in Sirte, recruiting from the population under its rule, and

conducting beheadings in the largely arid Fezzan region in central Libya.

ISIS in North Africa continues to operate mostly in Libya. Security forces have only recently

succeeded in pushing the group to the outskirts of Sirte and recapturing many of its vital

sites. However, recent reports suggest that ISIS is regrouping, and possibly gaining

enough manpower to recapture Sirte.

Both AQIM and ISIS’s Libya faction have launched signiﬁcant operations in the past two

years; such attacks garnered global attention and positioned both groups as leaders of

global jihad. AQIM ﬁghters have targeted multiple hotels and killed Western tourists and

locals alike in Mali, Ivory Coast, and Burkina Faso. Meanwhile, ISIS has focused on target-

ing government forces and Christian laborers; it has conducted gruesome beheadings of

Egyptian Coptic and Ethiopian workers, as well as multiple bombings in Tripoli. I believe

that both groups pose a threat to the West: AQIM’s threat is directed at Western nationals

and interests in its primary operational territories, rarely, if ever, targeting Western countries,

while ISIS’s threat to Western homelands is signiﬁcantly higher, via orchestrated and in-

spired attacks.

(3) Will and Intent to Target the West

Al-Qaida’s top leader Dr. Ayman Al-Zawahiri has indicated that al-Qaida’s main focus re-

mains targeting the United States — most notably in his 2013 manifesto, “General Guide-

lines for Jihadi Work.” Zawahiri’s manifesto laid out the military agenda for all al-Qaida afﬁl

iates — indeed, all jihadists — around the world. In other words, his document dictated

the priorities jihadi groups are meant to follow, placing the United States at the top of al-

Qaida’s military targets. The document stated:

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/21/world/africa/libya-isis.html

https://ia800408.us.archive.org/27/items/tawjeh_ayman/tawjeh_ayman.pdf

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !5 23

The military work is to target ﬁrstly the head of global inﬁdels America, and her ally Israel,

and then her local allies who rule our countries. Targeting America aims at exhausting

and hemorrhaging it, in order for it to end like the Soviet Union did, and isolate itself due

to its military, human, and economic losses, and subsequently ease its grip on our

countries, and its allies to begin falling one after another.

ISIS leaders regularly and vocally urge the group’s followers to target the United States and

Europe. Since 2014, the group has released a range of missives and videos urging ji-

hadists in the West to kill Americans and Europeans. ISIS’s late spokesman, Abu Muham-

mad al-Adnani, made this a focal point of his speeches:

If you can kill a disbelieving American or European — especially the spiteful and ﬁlthy

French — or an Australian, or a Canadian, or any other disbelievers waging war, includ-

ing the citizens of the countries that entered into a coalition against the Islamic State,

then rely upon Allah and kill him in any manner or way.

Moreover, ISIS features individuals in its propaganda who represent and parrot the group’s

threats to the West and suggest that their goal is to strike beyond North Africa, to “con-

quer Rumiyah,” in reference to Europe and North America. In a February 2015 video re-

leased by ISIS media in Libya, an English-speaking masked man threatened:

The sea you have hidden Sheikh Osama bin Laden’s body in, we sear to Allah, we will

mix it with your blood.

ISIS has inspired a number of attacks in the West — and capitalized on these attacks with

its ofﬁcial propaganda releases designed to inspire even more attacks — including the

Pulse Nightclub massacre in Orlando, Florida. Furthermore, ISIS has orchestrated a num-

ber of deadly attacks in Europe, including the November 2015 attacks at the Bataclan the-

atre and the Stade de France in Paris, and the March 2016 attack at Brussels’ Zaventem

Airport, among others.

(4) ISIS and AQIM are Diﬀerent

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-urges-more-attacks-on-western-disbelievers-9749512.html

http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/19/africa/libya-isis-executions-ethiopian-christians/

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !6 23

There are differences, however, between AQIM and ISIS, the most obvious of which is their

proclaimed ideological differences — especially after Zawahiri disowned ISIS in February

2014. Organizationally, AQIM is more decentralized in its approach and sees North Africa

and the Sahel as the primary geographic region for its operations. Quite rarely does the

group invite foreign ﬁghters or recruits from outside the Maghreb and Sahel regions into its

ranks. Its political statements have largely focused on “tyrannical” regimes in Morocco,

Tunisia, Algeria, and Mali and its aims are very much North Africa-centric.

ISIS, on the other hand, including its branch in Libya, has speciﬁcally called on Muslims to

migrate to territories under its control. Its ranks in Libya have swelled with the arrival of

ﬁghters from Sudan, Somalia, Ghana, and Mali, among other countries. It has operated in

a more centralized fashion, consistently adhering to the language and methodology of ISIS

central command in Iraq and Syria. Its messages mostly ignore the politics of North African

countries, instead concentrating on illustrating jihad in North Africa as part of the overall

structure of the proclaimed “Caliphate,” as provinces under ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Bagh-

dadi’s rule. These messages speciﬁcally urge jihadists to pledge allegiance to ISIS. When

ISIS’s propaganda has focused on North and West Africa, it invites jihadists who are oper-

ating in al-Qaida’s backyard to pledge allegiance to Baghdadi, the self-proclaimed “Caliph”

of the Islamic State.

AQIM’s rhetoric has largely focused on France as its primary nemesis, referring to the

French invasion of Mali and France’s historical interest in North Africa. Meanwhile, ISIS’s

enemies are lumped into one — what is referred to as “Fustat al-Kufr,” or “the party of inﬁ-

dels.”

(5) Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)

AQIM was formally established in February 2007. Its predecessor, “The Salaﬁst Group for

Preaching and Combat” (GSPC), formally pledged allegiance to al-Qaida on September

11, 2006 : it has sought the establishment of Islamic Sharia governance and the targeting

of Western nationals and interests.

GSPC’s declaration of allegiance to al-Qaida not only appears to have transpired for the

sake of relevancy; afﬁliating with al-Qaida effectively placed the group in the spotlight as

http://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=pjcis/aqap_6%20terrorist

%20orgs/report/appendix%20e.pdf

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !7 23

the leader of jihadi efforts across North Africa and the Sahel region. More importantly,

GSPC declared that its allegiance to Usama bin Laden was “part of the international jihad”

— in reference to al-Qaida’s 1998 declaration of war on the United States. In other words,

GSPC adhered to the ideology of al-Qaida, positioned itself as part of the global jihadi

movement, and as no longer exclusive to Algeria.

Though it operates mostly in Algeria, AQIM portrayed itself as the top jihadi group for North

African jihadists — a point that it addressed in numerous audio and video recordings. Led

by Algerian national Abdulmalik Droukdel (also known as Abu Musaab Abdulwadoud),

many of AQIM’s operations have speciﬁcally targeted Western nationals and interests, to

include the kidnapping and killing of numerous Western victims.

AQIM views North African governments as “an extension” of Western powers and inter-

ests. The group believes that there is a new type of imperialistic, “Crusader” campaign that

aims at ﬁghting and uprooting Islam. Thus, for AQIM, targeting the governments of Algeria

and neighboring countries is in line with targeting U.S. and European interests. The West,

according to AQIM, must be confronted — and if not directly, then through the targeting of

its citizens and interests.

In a 2009 audio release titled “A Message to Our Ummah in the Islamic Maghreb,” Abdul-

wadoud discussed these points, stating:

I return brieﬂy to show the danger of the new imperialistic attack, which is an extension

to the old campaign, which aims to target our Ummah in its dearest of spiritual compo-

nents and even its existential principles, and the principles of its continuity, and also to

show the dirty role of these apostate and traitor regimes in our Maghreb countries for

the interests of the countries that have imperialistic goals and expansionist interests like

America, the European Union, and Israel, so perhaps that our Ummah would get ready

and prepare to ﬁght its inevitable existential battle, that, if it does not ﬁght today, will in-

evitably ﬁght it tomorrow.

AQIM claims to ﬁght the Algerian government because it views it as “part of the declared

Crusader campaign,” in reference to the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. In a 2010

http://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=pjcis/aqap_6%20terrorist

%20orgs/report/appendix%20e.pdf

https://archive.org/details/Archieve-to-almagreb-mojahdeen

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !8 23

video, AQIM indicated that the “evil government” of Algeria is a direct participant in the

“Crusader war,” because it:

confessed to occupying Iraq via diplomatic representation; [by] imprisoning and torturing

the Muslim youths who join their brothers in Iraq, [and] participating in the war on Soma-

lia by sending military supply aircraft in support of its Crusader masters…to appease the

American master.

Zawahiri later underscored these points in his “General Guidelines for Jihadi Work” mani-

festo, stating:

In Algeria, where the American presence is small and unnoticeable, the struggle against

the regime is for the sake of weakening it and to spread the jihadi inﬂuence across the

Islamic Maghreb, the West African Sahel and South Saharan countries, and in these re-

gions the signs of [mujahideen] confrontation with the Americans and their allies have

started….[sic] All the mujahideen brothers should consider targeting the Western Cru-

sader Zionist coalition’s interests in any location in the world the most important of their

duties, and to seek it to the best of their ability.

Zawahiri sees Algeria, and North Africa in general, as a new front to weaken the United

States, but not necessarily a launching pad for operations in the West. This is important

because it underscores AQIM’s methodology: it is easier to target the West in AQIM’s op-

erational reach than to train and dispatch operatives overseas.

(6) Targeting Western Civilians and Interests

Although AQIM has not yet claimed responsibility for terrorist operations in the West, it has

underscored that one of its goals is to target Western citizens and interests. Its narrative

includes grievances such as the “French invasion of Mali,” which the group sees as part of

the new “Crusader imperialism.” Indeed, of all the Western nations, France is AQIM’s pri-

mary adversary, a theme deeply rooted in North Africa’s history — and AQIM has ex-

pressed its grievances against France’s stance in North Africa since the group’s inception.

AQIM’s rhetoric, nonetheless, is confrontational towards the West at large, as it views

Western and “Zionist” inﬂuence as having negatively impacted Muslims, portraying them as

https://archive.org/details/badrmagrib

https://ia800408.us.archive.org/27/items/tawjeh_ayman/tawjeh_ayman.pdf

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !9 23

persecuted, threatened, and targeted. Therefore, its selection of targets is not limited to

nationalistic borders, and its threat is not limited to French citizens and interests.

AQIM sees its ﬁght against the West as part of a larger battle; this point is highlighted in a

number of its communiqués. In March 2016, AQIM claimed responsibility for the armed

assault on the Grand Bassam Hotel in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, which killed a number of

Westerners, including German and French nationals. In its claim of responsibility, released

after the attack, the group said:

The goal from these [operations] include a reminder to the Crusaders that their continu-

ous crimes against the Muslims and their Mujahideen brothers will beg a response of

targeting the leaders of their crimes and their interests. Our message to the Western

populaces is that our actions are a response to the crimes of your armies and govern-

ments against our Ummah in Palestine, Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, Libya,

Mali, and Central Africa…you either leave us safe in our homelands, or we will spill your

security and the security of your citizens.

(7) A Threat to Economic Interests

Furthermore, AQIM poses a signiﬁcant threat to Western economic interests, most notably

gas and oil plants and facilities. In January 2013, Mukhtar Belmokhtar’s Signatories in

Blood Brigade (also known as al-Mulathamin) attacked the Tigantourine gas extraction fa-

cility in In Amenas town, eastern Algeria, which is jointly operated by an Algerian national

company and BP/Statoil. The ensuing hostage crisis lasted for over a day, and concluded

with the death of over thirty hostages, including American, British, Norwegian, and French

nationals, among others. Reports indicated that a number of the hostage-takers were

Libyan and Malian ﬁghters, suggesting a higher level of transnational coordination between

AQIM’s afﬁliates.

A few months later, Belmokhtar’s group attacked the French Uranium mine Areva and

nearby military barracks in Arlit town, in Niger’s northwestern city of Agadez. A spokesman

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35798502

https://telegram.me/Al_Andalus

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !10 23

for the group explained, “[we] attacked France, [as well as] Niger because of its coopera-

tion with France,” further underscoring AQIM’s focus on targeting French interests.

AQIM’s threat to Western gas and oil companies was further underscored in the March

2016 rocket attack on BP/Statoil facilities in Algeria’s In Saleh region. The group’s state-

ment referenced the In Amenas attack three years earlier, and stated its will and intent to

target Western interests in the future, saying:

We chose the British Petroleum base in In Saleh area, and it is the same company that

we targeted at Tigantourine compound, to send, through this operation, a number of

messages…We announce to all the Western companies that are investing in rock gas

that we will target you directly, and we will use every ability to repel you from these

projects that harm our environment, rejected in our society.

AQIM’s ﬁxation on France came further into focus on March 17, 2017, when Abdulwadoud

released an audio message in which he accepted the allegiance from “The Group for Sup-

port of Islam and Muslims” and addressed France, suggesting that the mujahideen will

seek to strike in France:

[France’s] injustice and aggression against the populaces and tribes of the Sahel and

Sahara will only increase these tribes’ brotherhood, coalescence and unity…[they will]

be determined to wage jihad and resist against the aggressors, and this will only add to

the determination of Muslims to transfer the war from our land to her land and from our

cities to her cities so it can live in fear that our people in the occupied lands are living.

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22637084

https://justpaste.it/Algeria_AQMI_2016

https://soundcloud.com/user-903507653/8cg8ayogbe4v

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !11 23

(8) Kidnapping Operations

, , , ,

16 17 18 19 20

AQIM’s primary source of funding and inﬂuence is the kidnapping of Westerners, going as

far back as 2007. Kidnapping operations not only provide major propaganda value, but

also reportedly earn the group signiﬁcant sums of money, which it uses to ﬁnance various

other operations.

The incomplete list of AQIM kidnapping operations provided below clearly demonstrates

that the group is constantly pursuing Western nationals. Since its inception, AQIM has kid-

napped Westerners in Mauritania, Niger, and Mali. The group has reportedly, at times, ne-

gotiated with foreign governments to release hostages in exchange for ransom sums.

Some estimates indicate that by 2012, AQIM was making about $3 million USD per

hostage released. In other instances, the group has demanded the release of militants

from prison — a tactic that has likely helped swell its ranks.

•

On December 24, 2007, four French nationals were killed in Mauritania. The Mauri-

tanian government charged and sentenced three AQIM members to death.

•

On February 22, 2008, Austrian citizens Wolfgang Ebner and Andrea Kloiber were

kidnapped in Tunisia and transferred to an unknown location in Mali. They were re-

portedly released after a ransom was paid.

•

On December 14, 2008, Canadian diplomats Robert Fowler and Louis Guay were

kidnapped in Niger, and later released on April 22, 2010.

•

On January 22, 2009, Edwin Dyer, Marianne Petzold, Gabriella Greitner, and Werner

Greiner were kidnapped in Mali near the Niger border. AQIM killed Dyer on May 31

while reportedly releasing the others after alleged AQIM members were released from

prison.

http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2011/0119/AQIM-kidnapping-and-murder-a-brief-history

http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/01/aqim-takes-australian-couple-hostage-in-northern-burkina-faso.php

http://www.gctat.org/analysis/29-ranoc/236-the-forgotten-three-the-fate-of-aqim-timbuktu-hostages-and-their-captor-belkacem-

zouadi.html

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/al-qaeda/11693716/New-British-front-man-for-jihadist-videos-revealed.html

http://af.reuters.com/article/maliNews/idAFL8N1500DA

https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/mali-al-qaeda-islamic-maghrebs-ransom-revenue

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !12 23

•

In June 2009, U.S. national Christopher Leggett was murdered in Nouakchott, Mauri-

tania.

•

On November 14, 2009, AQIM attempted to kidnap U.S. embassy personnel in

Tahoua, Niger.

•

On November 25, 2009, French citizen Pierre Camatte was kidnapped in Mali near

the Niger border. Mali released four AQIM militants while AQIM released Camatte in

return.

•

On November 29, 2009, Spanish citizens Albert Vilalta, Roque Pascual, and Alicia

Gamez were kidnapped near Nouadhibou, Mauritania. AQIM later released Gamez

after the Spanish government allegedly paid a ransom. AQIM released Vilalta and

Pascual on August 22, 2010.

•

On December 18, 2009, Italian citizens Nicola Sergio Cicala and Philomen Kabouree

were kidnapped in Mauritania. AQIM later released Cicala and Kabouree; it remains

unclear whether a ransom was paid.

•

On April 19, 2010, French citizen Michel Germaneau was kidnapped in northern

Niger and then moved to Mali. AQIM demanded the release of its members from

prison. French and Mauritanian security forces raided AQIM members in Mali, killing

six of them. AQIM announced it had killed Germaneau on July 25.

•

In September 2010, ﬁve French nationals were kidnapped in northern Niger. AQIM

still holds them hostage to this day.

•

In January 2011, French aid worker Antoine De Leocour and French citizen Vincent

Delory were kidnapped in Niger. De Leocour and Delory were killed during a rescue

attempt.

•

In 2011, AQIM kidnapped Swedish national Johan Gustaffson and South African na-

tional Stephen McGowan. In 2012, they were featured in an AQIM video with another

hostage, Dutch national Sjaak Rijke, who has since been rescued. In June 2015, the

two other hostages appeared in an AQIM video in which a British-accented militant

informed them that their governments were not negotiating for their release.

•

In December 2015, Swiss nun Beatrice Stockley was kidnapped from her residence

in Timbuktu, Mali. Stockley was previously kidnapped and released in 2012, but upon

her return to Mali, AQIM militants from the Sahara faction took her hostage and ac-

cused her of conducting missionary campaigns.

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !13 23

•

In January 2016, an Australian couple — a doctor and his wife — was kidnapped by

AQIM militants following the terror group’s attack on a hotel in Burkina Faso. They

were reportedly kidnapped in the country’s north and brought into Mali across the

border.

(9) Uqba bin Nafae’ Brigade in Tunisia

AQIM’s afﬁliate in Tunisia appears to have begun operating in the country in the summer of

2014. The group’s operations have primarily targeted security forces, namely in Kasserine

City. In September 2014, two months after Uqba bin Nafae’ militants targeted security

forces in Hanshir at-Talla in the Chaambi Mountains in west central Tunisia, a spokesman

for the group threatened the Tunisian government in a video, stating:

Without introductions…O tyrants of Tunisia, await glad tidings of what harm you, as the

silence of the mujahideen of Uqba bin Nafea’ Brigade before your crimes will not last

long.

The group has since carried out a range of attacks against police and army units.

Additionally, there is evidence to suggest a higher level of coordination between Tunisian

and Algerian AQIM ﬁghters. AQIM recently released the bio of one of its since-killed Alger-

ian commanders who purportedly traveled between Tunisia and Algeria to coordinate with

the group’s afﬁliates.

Although the Chaambi Mountains appear to be the group’s main hideout, a jihadi media

unit known as Efriqia Media released a statement in April 2015 indicating that Uqba bin

Nafae’ Brigade has:

cells and its soldiers are present on all the Tunisian soil and in its various provinces, and

has history in jihadi work and in training a big number of Muslim youths and supplying

weapons.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDwXDnoeJLc&feature=youtu.be

https://shamikh1.info/vb/showthread.php?t=235486

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !14 23

Uqba bin Nafae’ Brigade poses a serious threat to Tunisia’s stability, and should be con-

sidered a threat to Western nationals traveling through inadequately governed areas of

western Tunisia near the Algerian border.

(10) The Islamic State (ISIS/ISIL) in Libya

Previously known as the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)

is the evolution of what was once known as al-Qaida in Iraq (AQI). After expanding into

Syria and rebelling against al-Qaida, ISIS shocked the world with scenes of brutality, in-

cluding the videotaped beheadings of at least three Americans. The global terror group

seized Raqqa, Syria and shortly thereafter took control of Iraq’s second largest city, Mosul.

Over the course of several months, the group seized control of cities, towns, and villages in

several Syrian and Iraqi provinces, and quickly expanded into the schismatic political at-

mosphere of Libya.

In the spring of 2015, ISIS captured the city of Sirte, effectively establishing a North African

stronghold where it is able to host ﬁghters from other countries.

The group established

25 26

strong ﬁghting fronts in Darna and Benghazi and launched attacks targeting Libyan Forces

and rival rebel factions, as well as government buildings in Tripoli and Misrata. Moreover,

ISIS attempted and temporarily succeeded in laying control over gas and oil plants.

ISIS’s branch in Libya — comprising “Tripoli, Barqa and Fezzan” provinces — is arguably

one of its strongest and most reliable factions. The post-Qaddaﬁ political turmoil in Libya

has afforded ISIS a more ﬂexible environment in which to operate, especially prior to the

creation of the Government of National Accord (GAN) in December 2015. Libyan Forces

recently scored victories against ISIS in Sirte, but the group is quickly regrouping and

maintains a wide network of operatives and large caches of weapons.

It is worth mentioning that this report does not discuss ISIS in Egypt. ISIS’s branch in Egypt’s North Sinai is a highly active group, and

it has operated in that region for over ﬁve years (previously allegiant to Al-Qaida). Most of its attacks have targeted Israeli territories and

Egyptian security forces. While the group does not appear to have hosted foreign ﬁghters or dispatched operatives to the West, its tar-

geting and downing of the Russian Metrojet Airliner in October 2015 spotlighted the group as a serious threat to tourists and the aviation

industry. It is unlikely that ISIS in Egypt will be the next destination for ﬁghters from the West; however, Western tourists and interests —

especially in the North Sinai — are at risk from potential attacks in the future.

https://ia600405.us.archive.org/35/items/jamalalqudsy_yahoo_20160530_1211/ةﺰﻌﻟا20%ﻰﻟإ20%لﺬﻟا20%ﻦﻣ.ogv

https://ia801504.us.archive.org/28/items/rs_ta/r11.mp4

Areas of ISIS operations in Libya: Fezzan (Phazania) region in south west Libya is mostly a desert region. Barqa (Cyrenaica) Province

includes the cities of Darna and Benghazi. Tripoli denotes the capital Tripoli, Sirte, and Misrata.

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !15 23

(11) The West as Adversary

ISIS in Libya has not just been adversarial toward the Libyan Forces; it has sent a direct

message to the “Crusaders” with its release of footage showing the grisly beheadings of

twenty-one Egyptian laborers in southwestern Libya. Released in February 2015, the video

featured an English-speaking masked militant whose message echoes ISIS’s will and intent

to strike beyond North Africa:

You have seen us on the hills of al-Sham and on Dabiq's plains, chopping off the heads

of those carrying the cross who have been living a long time, ﬁlled of spite against Islam

and Muslims. And today, we're in the south of Rome, on the land of Islam, Libya, send-

ing another message. O Crusaders, safety for you will be only wishes, especially when

you're ﬁghting us altogether. Therefore, we will ﬁght you altogether.

In April 2015, the same English-speaking ﬁghter appears in a video featuring the execu-

tions of two groups of Ethiopian Christian workers, directing a message to the “nations of

the Cross,” in reference to the West. His message was similar to the earlier one:

To the nations of the Cross, we’re back again on the sands where the companions of

the Prophet have stepped on before, telling you Muslim blood that was shed under the

hands of your religion is not cheap. In fact, their blood is the purest blood because there

is a nation behind them inherits revenge. And we swear to Allah…you will not have safe-

ty even in your dreams until you embrace Islam.

Such threats to the West are in lieu of ISIS’s main external operations goals: to strike in the

United States and Europe — goals that its leaders verbalized the intent to accomplish on

multiple occasions. ISIS in Libya as an entity, however, does not appear to have succeed-

ed in orchestrating attacks in Western countries — at least not yet. However, its operatives

have targeted Western tourists, namely in Tunisia.

Unlike AQIM, however, which operates in a more decentralized fashion, ISIS is highly cen-

tralized and the goals of its Libyan faction are not conﬁned to North Africa. On a number of

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Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !16 23

occasions, ISIS ﬁghters have appeared in videos to threaten (or even celebrate) an attack

and name other cities they wish to target. After the November 2015 attacks in Paris, ISIS

in Libya released a video, titled “From Barqa to Paris,” featuring ﬁghters who vowed more

attacks against “Crusaders” in the future. One foreign ﬁghter, whose country of origin was

not speciﬁed, threatened:

France was the beginning, and tomorrow it will be in Washington, New York, and Mos-

cow…you will have no haven from our guns, bullets and explosives; we will come to

you.

ISIS’s targeting of Christians — whom ISIS deems a part of the global “Crusade” — is di-

rectly addressing the West and challenging Western countries to intervene. If ISIS’s opera-

tives are unable to strike overseas, the group appears to be urging Western armies to

bring to it a ground war — an action that would afford ISIS signiﬁcant attention and amplify

its recruitment efforts. ISIS has used this rhetoric since the U.S.-led coalition began its aer-

ial campaign against the group in Iraq and Syria.

(12) ISIS in Libya Recruits Foreign Nationals

ISIS has reportedly recruited from more than eighty countries around the world. Its

branch in Libya brought in ﬁghters from north, west, and east Africa, and from across the

Sahel region. ISIS in Libya has featured ﬁghters urging others to join its ranks, including

those from Mali, Somalia, Ghana, Mali, Tunisia, Nigeria, Egypt, and Sudan. The group has

also featured English-speakers, although their countries of origin remain unknown.

In a video from its media ofﬁce in Tripoli, ISIS featured ﬁghters who addressed Muslims

across Africa, urging them to pledge allegiance and join ISIS:

Brothers, it is time to pledge allegiance to the State of the Caliphate; I say to the youths,

jihad is obligatory in our current time, and I urge those from my brothers who have no

excuse to depart for jihad.

https://archive.org/details/WilayatBarqahFromBarqahToParis

https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/27/world/middleeast/thousands-enter-syria-to-join-isis-despite-global-efforts.html?_r=0

https://ia601301.us.archive.org/5/items/CopyOf001_20150910/Copy%20of%20001%20-%20ﺎﻨﻧاﻮﺧإ20%ﻰﻟإ20%ﺔﻟﺎﺳر

ﻦﻳﺪﺣﻮﻤﻟا20%.ogv

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !17 23

Another ﬁghter delivered a message to “my brothers and sister everywhere: we are now in

the Islamic State, and I call upon you to migrate to it.” He called upon the Tuareg tribe in

North Mali — the tribe one of AQIM’s most senior leaders, Iyad Ag Ghali, belongs to — to

“migrate to the Islamic State.”

Nonetheless, for ISIS, it has remained of critical importance to strike in the West while si-

multaneously recruiting ﬁghters to its ranks. ISIS leadership believes that inspiring so-called

“lone wolves” to strike in the United States and Europe will generate higher propaganda

value. For ISIS, attacks in the West are preferable; they turn the attention away from its

losses in Iraq and Syria while maintaining the spotlight on the group. Abu Muhammad al-

Adnani addressed this point in a May 2016 speech, in which he called on jihadists in the

West to launch operations in their home cities rather than migrate to ISIS territory:

Open in their faces the door of jihad and return their deeds against them in regret, and

the smallest action you carry out in their homelands is better and more favored by us

from the biggest of actions in our midst; it is more successful for us and more brutalizing

to them. And if one of you wishes and seeks to reach the Islamic State [i.e. here in the

Middle East], one of us wishes to be in your location [i.e. in the West] to brutalize the

Crusaders.

To justify the targeting of civilians, Adnani added:

We’ve heard that some of you cannot work [i.e. to attack] for being unable to reach mili-

tary targets, and is hesitant from targeting the so-called civilians, avoiding them because

he doubts the permissibility and legitimacy. Know that in the heart of the warring Cru-

saders' lands there is no immunity of blood and no presence to the so called

innocents...at least from the notion of treating others in the same way; their aircraft do

not distinguish between our armed or unarmed, man and woman. Know that targeting

so-called civilians is more beloved to us...more brutalizing and painful to them and more

repulsing.

https://archive.org/download/KalemtSHabaan/kalemt%20SHa%60baan.mp3

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(13) ISIS’s Resurgence in Algeria

ISIS established a faction under the initial name of “Jund al-Khilafah in Algeria” in ٍSep-

tember 2014, now called “Algeria Province.” A week after declaring allegiance to Baghda-

di, the faction kidnapped and beheaded a French national. The group is believed to be

comprised of a few dozen members, and for the past two years it has remained mostly

inactive. That changed on March 2, 2017, when the group launched its ﬁrst suicide attack,

targeting a police station in Bab el-Kantara area of Constantine City in northeastern Alge-

ria.

Although the faction remains in a fragile state and lacks organizational support and a pro-

grammatic agenda, ISIS ﬁghters in Algeria — operating mostly in the vicinity of Tizi Ouzou

— will likely attempt to strike again, as they appear to be re-organizing their ranks. The

likely targets will continue to be security forces; however, Western nationals traveling in

certain parts of northern and eastern Algeria could be easy targets for kidnapping opera-

tions.

(14) ISIS Operations in Tunisia a Main Concern

ISIS has failed to seize territory and establish a strong ﬁghting front in Tunisia, though it has

attracted many Tunisians to its ranks in Iraq and Syria. This is partly due to the Tunisian

government’s crackdown on jihadists, even those who have no allegiance to any speciﬁc

group, such as Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia, which has been designated a terrorist group by

the government.

Two signiﬁcant ISIS attacks in Tunisia that targeted Westerners took place in 2015; in

March, two ISIS operatives attacked tourists outside the Bardo Museum in Tunis City,

killing a total of twenty-two people, including Italian, French, Spanish, British, and Belgian

nationals, among others. The attacker, according to the Tunisian government, trained with

ISIS’s branch in Libya, underscoring the threat ISIS in Libya poses to Western nationals.

Three months later, an ISIS operative using an automatic riﬂe killed over thirty-ﬁve tourists,

most of them British, at a resort beach hotel in Port al-Kantaoui, north of Sousse City.

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33304897

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While fairly infrequent, these operations generate signiﬁcant media attention for the terror

group; as ISIS continues to face challenges in its Middle Eastern strongholds, ISIS-orches-

trated attacks against Westerners in Tunisia may be more likely in the future.

(15) Tackling the Jihadist Threat in North Africa

According to various media reports, the emphasis of U.S. and European counterterrorism

operations in North Africa and the Sahel has been limited. U.S. special forces have report-

edly conducted a number of airstrikes and other operations against jihadists in Libya.

Part of the issue appears to be that the U.S. is preoccupied with ﬁghting ISIS in its main

strongholds in Iraq and Syria, likely viewing ISIS’s Libya branch as a lesser threat vis-à-vis

Western nationals and interests. Another reason may be that U.S. and European security

forces see the greatest threat from ISIS to the West as directly emerging from its Iraqi and

Syrian strongholds — where the group’s top leadership is in hideout.

In other words, the conventional wisdom seems to be that ISIS directs external operations

from Iraq and Syria. While that might be true today, there is a high likelihood that the group

will decentralize its command-and-control in the future, and its branch in Libya is poised to

become the main destination where many of its ﬁghters will end up. There is a higher likeli-

hood that ISIS in Libya will fund and direct external operations as its Syrian and Iraqi

branches are under immense pressure to defend what remains of the territory under their

control.

For AQIM, its afﬁliates in North Mali have recently coalesced into one group; one of the

new collective’s key goals is to continue ﬁghting French forces in Gao and other places.

AQIM’s Algeria faction — where its top leader Abdulwadoud is believed to be hiding — has

faced a number of setbacks over the past two years, and its operations have been highly

subdued. This is part of the reason for the increased activity from its factions in Mali and

Tunisia. It is thus imperative that Western governments provide further military and intelli-

gence support to Tunisian, Algerian, and Malian forces as they tackle the jihadist activity in

their respective countries.

(16) Conclusions

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Given AQIM and ISIS’s respective records of targeting Westerners, it is clear that both

groups pose a signiﬁcant threat. AQIM’s focus continues to be on targeting Western citi-

zens and economic interests mainly in North Africa and the Sahel regions. There is a signif-

icant focus on France and its inﬂuence in North and West Africa, which may be a driving

force for North African jihadists in France to launch attacks in the country on behalf of

AQIM.

Gas and oil facilities have been AQIM’s primary economic targets, especially given that

many Westerners work at these plants. AQIM’s preferred methods of attack against such

sites will involve suicide bombers, hostage taking, and rocket attacks. Though France ap-

pears to be AQIM’s primary adversary, the terror group has targeted various Western na-

tionals, and, while the viability of AQIM attacks in the United States is low, its interest in

targeting the U.S. homeland is high — especially given that al-Qaida’s leadership has des-

ignated the U.S. as al-Qaida’s primary target.

Notorious AQIM commander Mukhtar Belmokhtar — who was reported to have been

killed several times over the past four years — was conﬁrmed killed by senior al-Qaida

Central leader Hussam Abdulra’oof in an October 2015 recording. Various reports indi

cate that he may have been killed as early as June 2015 in Libya. His reported presence

in Libya is further indicative of transnational cooperation between AQIM afﬁliates across

North Africa.

AQIM never conﬁrmed Belmokhtar’s death, but it is safe to say that the commander left

behind a powerful faction in the Sahel capable of conducting attacks against Westerners

for years to come.

It is worth noting that al-Qaida and ISIS oppose each other — not only ideologically, but

also in their geographic areas of interest. This does not mean, however, that jihadists alle-

giant to both groups do not have room for cooperation. Indeed, there is evidence to sug-

gest that jihadists who are speciﬁcally inspired by both groups might ﬁnd a cooperative en-

vironment provided they have the same enemy. The January 2015 attacks in Paris, France

at the ofﬁces of the magazine Charlie Hebdo by pro al-Qaida operatives, and at a Kosher

https://twitter.com/menastream/status/651179105832955905

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/11674616/The-Uncatchable-one-eyed-jihadi-Mokhtar-

Belmokhtar.html

Terrorism in North Africa: An Examination of the Threat!! Page ! of !21 23

deli by a pro-ISIS jihadist, pointed to some level of cooperation between the perpetrators,

particularly in obtaining weapons.

In light of the wave of ISIS-inspired and orchestrated attacks in the United States and Eu-

rope in 2015 and 2016, and given the ongoing U.S.-led military mission in Iraq and Syria,

the likelihood is that ISIS will continue to incite, inspire, and plot similar attacks against

civilians and soft targets. Stabbing, ramming, armed assault, and bombing attacks will like-

ly continue to be the methods of choice for future attackers.

ISIS’s strongholds in Iraq and Syria are under siege. The group has lost signiﬁcant territory

and in the coming months, it is poised to lose Mosul and most of its control in Aleppo.

Foreign ﬁghters, including those from the West who may not wish to go home, may end up

connecting with ISIS’s faction in Libya, invigorating the group’s North Africa ranks. Fighters

from at least ten nationalities so far have been ﬁghting with ISIS in Libya.

Given Libya’s close proximity to Europe, ISIS ﬁghters in Libya who wish to target the West

may travel to European countries instead of the United States.

Furthermore, ISIS has expressed on multiple occasions its will and intent to orchestrate

attacks in the West, and its operations in Paris and Brussels denote the group’s ability to

dispatch skilled ﬁghters with the know-how to plot and strike. The group has also exerted

inﬂuence among jihadists in the United States and Europe who are encouraged to attack in

their countries on behalf of the group, rather than join ISIS’s ranks.

Westerners traveling or residing in insecure areas of Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria will likely

continue to face threats from ISIS-inspired and directed attacks.

ISIS appears to have a more powerful recruitment and indoctrination strategy in the West

than AQIM. ISIS’s external operations facilitators appear to have developed a more inclu-

sive and aggressive call to target the West by all means necessary — unlike AQIM, which

has not focused on calls for external attacks overseas.

Returnees to the United States and Europe — those who have gained experience in mili-

tant tactics in ISIS camps — as well as self-radicalized individuals, likely pose the most

signiﬁcant jihadist threat to the West.

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