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Go Make The Killing ☺
☺☺
☺
ETHICS
BASIC TERMS
GIVE ME A GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF
ETHICS
➤ ETHICS ARE STANDARDS
➤ ETHICS PUT REASONABLE
RESTRICTIONS
➤ ETHICS ARE WAYS TO
AVOID SOCIAL EVILS
ETHICS ARE
APPLICATION
ORIENTED
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HOW DO ETHICS CHANGE
➤ BY EXPERIENCES
➤ ETHICS + EXPERIENCE =
DIFFERENT RESULTS FOR
DIFFERENT PEOPLE
HOW DO ETHICS CHANGE
BY DELIBERATIONS /
DEBATES
HOW DO ETHICS CHANGE
CHANGE IN
REASONING
HOW DO ETHICS CHANGE
ETHICS KEEP CHANGING WITHIN A
PERSON
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HOW DO ETHICS CHANGE
ARE ETHICS CONCLUSION?
NO
THEY ARE
FRAMEWORK
S
KEEP EXAMINING YOUR
ETHICS OR.
SOCIAL
ACCEPTANCE WILL
BE JEOPARDISED
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Why do we need Ethics
Why do we need Ethics
Satisfying Basic Human Need
(to be up right)
Creating Credibility
(by bringing consistency)
Uniting People
(towards as common goal)
Giving Leadership
(by creating principles)
Securing the Society
(envionrmental ethics Inder specific ethics, marginaisied specific etc.)
What are the consequences of
Loss of Ethics
Political Level
Criminalisation of Politics
Power Concentration
Hung Assemblies
Self Aggrandising
Rise of Coalitions
Communalistic Politics
Dynastic Politics
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Organizational/Bureaucratic Level
Corruption
(selfish behaviour)
Not for faster delivery of services but even for getting the work done
Nepotism
Loss of trust in Administration
Rise Inequalities
Decrease in Economy Efficienccy Effectieness
Dissatisfying Work Culture
Demotivated Honest Officers
(Being dishonest easier than being honest)
International Level
Violating Ceasefires
Organised crime global
Tax havens
Not accepting displaced migrants
Loss of legitimacy of International Institutions
Environment
Nuclear Weapons
Social Level
Acceptance of corruption
Increased commodification of women
Rise of violence
Rise of materialism
(Quote Gandhi - 2008 financial crisis)
Increased fath in ends and not means
Increeased communitarian view
Drug addiction
Decreasing respect of parents, elders
Gendered specific crimes
Acid Attack, Honour Killing, Female Foeticide, Dowry, Psychological impact of dikatats
Individual Level
Increased drive to acquire material wealth
Increased use of abusive language
Increased domestic violence
Individual > Collective
(leading to selfish behaviour)
Loss of integrity
Loss of empathy
(leading to people not coming out to help)
(Bystanders’ Apathy)
Psychological diseases
(Stress)
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Environmental Level
Env. Degradation
Human needs > Nature’s needs
Rising inequality
(Tribals adversely affected)
Cruelty against animals
Disasters affect Poor more
Vermin
Bioethical Level
Abortion
Confining ill people
( including mentally)
Cloning
Surrogacy
Designer babies
Animal culling
Medial records
Clinical Trials
Euthanasia
G.M.Os
Suicide
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Public vs Private
Ethics
Private Ethics Public Ethics
Relations with family & friends In public sphere
Informal Formal
Emotional character Legal or social chater
Context does not change behavior Context changes behaviour
Internal control driven External control (norms values laws)
Highly dependent on individual Institution driven
Morality as the driving force Legality or ethicality
Behavior of close ones shape private ethics.
(Culture of secrecy in family)
Work culture affects public ethics
Values basic values like Truthfulness,
dedication, equality (shaped by private
relation)
E3, impartiality, integrity, probity,
international politics
Effect of harmony in Pvt.& Public relations
Positives
Physical + Emotional well being (integrity)
Peaceful society
Increased efficacy
No/ low double standards
Predictability of behavior
Negatives
Stangnation
(No constructive criticism)
Lack of innovation
(individual submitting to collective conscience)
In a context where public ethics approve corruption
Harmony may lead to degradation of private ethics
Effect of conflict b/w Public and Pvt. Ethics?
Positives
Constructive criticism
(innovation) (Reforms)
(eg Sati was challenged)
(eg Democracy replaced monarchy)
(eg Renaissance)
Negatives
Dissatisfaction at personal level
(loss of integrity)
Lawlessness/anarchy may prevail
Fall of institutions & their legitimacy
Disintegrtion of society
(eg: Salman Rushide Case
JNU- Anti- National Sloganeering, khap Panchayat)
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What are Values
Basic beliefs that an individual holds to be true
Vary from person to person
(value-system of a person)
Decision making also affected by value system
Values develop during child hood
primarily
Focus on value education in primary education
EXAMPLES
Bedtime Stories
(valour, bravery, justice, compassion, creativity)
Grand parents company
(builds respect for elders)
(but patriarchal values also get transmitted)
Unconscious observation by children while dinging together
(If parents use a lot of mobile them children also do)
EXAMPLES
Presently Mass Media
Glorification of violence at eerily age
Video Games- Desensitization to violence
Nuclear Family + Dual career family
Parents + Grand parents both not available
To communicate & sensitise, monitor, bedtime stories etc.
Values from Attitudes
Eg: teacher can help encourage students to like science
Scientific sprit can be built through teachers
& not by mentioning in Constitution
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Why focus on Values
Values are hierarchically arranged
Hierarchy varies with persons
(Eg: Loyalty to a friend vs Duty towards job)
Higher a value in hierarchy greater the dissatisfaction on its violation
Values contain judgemental elements
(eg: Pakistani’s are good/bad/stereotypes are formed)
Values are abstract
Values give life goals
(eg: preference to UPSC than Bank PO)
Values are affected by Culture
Globalization narrowing differences b/w Various value system
(because of IT connectivity, availability of various foods, literatures etc.)
Family as source of
Values
Inculcation of values like
Democratic decision making
Gender sensitivity
Reaction to various everyday events
Discriminatory practices and other basis
Regard towards rules, state, nation
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Inculcation of values like
Scientific outlook or Superstitions
Conformity or Innovation
Financial management
Reward or punishment
Means vs ends
Way of life propagated
(Fitness religion)
Education as source of
Values
Education 2 types-
Formal
Informal
(Peer, Media, Family)
By preserving & transmitting values from on e generation to
another
Create new values
(Scientific these days)
By Socialising
(With peers & teachers)
Inculcating discipline
(Channelising energies)
Developing communitarian view
(by introducing diversity in ideas)
Being environmentally responsible
Including problem solving abilities
Edu helps form attitudes
Love for country
(Nationalism)
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Classification of Values
Terminal
Most imp for an individual
Determine the ultimate objective of life
Eg: Gandhi- Non- violence/ Buddha- Nirvana)
Instrumental
They are instruments/ means to terminal values
Eg: Becoming IAS to serve the Poor
Gandhi’s followers: Non- violence an instrument for
independence
Intrinsic
Activity valued for itself
Eg: Participating in Olympics
Extrinsic
Same as instrumental
Preferential values
Doing one activity over another
Other Examples
Materialsim- Money becoming Terminal value
Selfish behavior commoditization of women human.
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MORALS
Descriptive ethics
I think same-gotra marriage is bad
Normative (prescriptive) ethics
People shall not marry in same-gotra
Meta-ethics
What does “marriage" even mean?
Applied ethics
How can we put this knowledge into practice?
Descriptive ethics
What do people think is right?
Normative (prescriptive) ethics
How should people act?
Meta-ethics
What does "right" even mean?
Applied ethics
How do we take moral knowledge and put it into practice?
Morals
Based on faith & belief system of a person
(Philosophy, religion culture)
Ethics
Talk about Actions
Morals
Intentions + Actions also
Moral development does not depend on reasoning
It borrows heavily from faith and culture
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Violation of morals makes one a sinner
Feels guility
Since it is based on faith
It is very resistant to change
Eg: Family Planning or abortion is wrong
Because it is against God’s will
Moral Development will lead to Value development
(that is, what you value)
Kohlberg’s Model of Moral Development
Three levels
Pre-conventional
Conventional
Post-conventional
Each level has two distinct stages
Moral Character
Anscombe’s seminal article
“Modern Moral Philosophy”
Anscombe argued that
Kantianism and utilitarianism
mistakenly placed the foundation for morality in legalistic
notions such as duty and obligation
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To do ethics properly
Anscombe argued
one must start with
“what it is for a human being to flourish or live well”
That meant returning to some questions that mattered deeply to the ancient
Greek moralists
Questions focussed on the nature of “virtue”
(or what we might think of as admirable moral character)
Of how one becomes virtuous
(is it taught? does it arise naturally? are we responsible for its development?)
What relationships and institutions may be necessary
to make becoming virtuous possible
Then
What is Moral Character
At the beginning of Plato’s Laches the character Laches suggests
that courage consists of standing one’s ground in battle.
In the Charmides
Charmides suggests that temperance consists in acting quietly
In the Republic
Cephalus suggests that justice consists in giving back what one has borrowed
In the Republic Socrates explains that giving back what one has borrowed cannot be
what justice is
for there are cases where giving back what one has borrowed would be foolish, and
the just person recognizes that it is foolish
If the person from whom you have borrowed a sword goes mad, it would be foolish
for you to return the sword, for you are then putting yourself and others in danger
The implication is that the just person can recognize when it is reasonable
to return
what he has borrowed
Similarly, as Socrates explains in the Laches
standing firm in battle cannot be courage, for sometimes standing firm in battle is
simply a foolish endurance that puts oneself and others at needless risk
The courageous person can recognize when it is reasonable
to stand his ground in
battle and when it isn’t
This is why Aristotle states
in Nicomachean Ethics II.9
that it is not easy to define in rules which actions deserve moral
praise and blame
and that these matters require the
judgment of the virtuous person
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Virtue as a ‘mean state’
Aristotle emphasizes that the mean state is not an arithmetic mean
but one relative to the situation
Virtue of mildness or good temper, for example, is concerned with anger
Aristotle thinks that a mild person ought to be angry about some things
(e.g., about injustice and other forms of mistreatment)
And should be willing to stand up for himself and those he cares about
Not to do so would, in Aristotle’s view, indicate the morally deficient character of the
unirritable person
It would also be inappropriate to take offense and get angry if there is nothing worth
getting angry about
That response would indicate the morally excessive character of the irascible person
The mild person’s reactions are appropriate to the situation.
Sometimes intense anger is appropriate; at other times calm detachment is
Rawls theory of Moral Development
Rawls “perfectly obvious” point
“the social system shapes the wants and aspirations that its
citizens come to have.
It determines in part the sort of persons they want to be as well
as the sort of persons they are”
Rawls notes that individuals acquire a desire to act justly
And to do so for the right reasons, when they have lived under
and benefited from just institutions
In A Theory of Justice
Rawls outlines three stages of moral development
Governed by psychological laws
These laws explain how individuals come to acquire ties of love,
friendship, affection, and trust.
These ties occur as individuals come to recognize others’ evident
intention to act for their good
And to enjoy what they and others can do
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First stage
Children come to love their parents as a result of their parents’ demonstrating clearly
that their children are enjoyed and valued
Second Stage
Members of associations come to enjoy and value their cooperative partners
This happens when members do their parts responsibly
Each contributing to a mutually recognized goal
Where all participants display appropriate abilities
Under these conditions
Participants come to enjoy their own participation
To enjoy the display of others’ skills and abilities
And form ties of friendship and trust with their cooperative partners.
Because the activities are complementary
Individuals can see themselves in what others do
Their self-love, to use Aristotelian language, becomes a group achievement.
Third Stage
As individuals come to realize
How the institutions regulated by the principles of justice
promote their good and the good of their fellow citizens
They become attached to these principles and develop a desire
to apply and to act in accordance with them
The institutions promote citizens’ good by providing the social
bases of individuals’ self-worth
(Rawls’s primary good of “self-respect”)
Morality & Human Actions
Morality involves studying goodness, badness, indifference of human action
Action is good when in harmony with purpose
(Assumption that a thing is created for positive purpose)
(eg: when knife being used to cut vegetable & not kill)
Action could be indifferent
Eg: Running (but becomes human action when done to catch thief)
3 Characteristics of deterring Morality of human action
Objective of Action
Why we are doing this action
eg Lying to save lifes
If saving life is objective, then lying becomes moral
Circumstances
Eg:. Many people protected Jews by saying they are Catholics
End or purpose of the action
(consequence)
(was the end intent ended)
Giving too much importance to circumstances will make morality very subjective &
unpredictable
Thus, important that 3
rd
neutral person decides
Eg. An expert Panel to decide if damage done to Yamuna Plains after religion congregation.
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LOSS OF ETHICS
WHY?
Why Loss Of Ethics?
Materialism
Lack of Accountability
Lack of value education in formative years
Ends gaining prominence over means
Political leadership becoming unethical
Lack of source of ethics
(Religious books becoming point of question after Renaissance)
Tolerance to unethical practices
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Notions
Physical notion of good - Non- Violence
Spiritual notion of good - Truthfulness
Spiritual Freedom before Political Freedom
Actions more important than thoughts
Spiritualism
Experimenting with belief structure is important as no belief is permanent
Self-testing of morals will lead to betterment of the process of upholding morals &
greater self- internalization of morals
Spiritualism does not mean negating rational arguments & practical experiences
Fasting, non- violent resistance and prayers are techniques to show one’s belief in
his truth
Means & Ends
Purity of means as important as that of ends
Independence achieved through violence not worthwhile
Destruction whether in the name of totalitarianism or purest of democracy is unjust
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Sarvodaya
Good of all
Good of others > Good of oneself
Based on “unity of existence” / “Universal Love”
Refuses progress of particular class, caste, section
An idea of inclusiveness
Satyagraha
Holding firmly to truth
Suffering & trust one attributes of spiritual force
It is an appeal to the heart
Not to overpower the opponent but ones line with love
Satyagraha can’t be used for personal gains
It is a process of personal purification
Legitimacy of rule more important than legality
Peacefully resist illegitimate rule
Non- violence
Infinite capacity of suffering
strongest force against most powerful
only strong can practice it not weak
Democracy
Not a legal phenomenon
but a spiritual one
involving respect for each other
and
decentralisation of power
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Swaraj
Not only freedom from exploitative foreign rulers
but also
freedom from
Passions
Greed
Deceit
Disrespect
Power concentration
Secularism
All religion have certain similar core values
Truth
Non- violence
No religion is perfect & shall be reformed continuously
He wanted to bring religion into politics
(because religion gives soul to politics)
Religion will bring morality in politics
(Leading to justice, inexploitation)
Economic View
Opposed large scale industrialization
Favoured cottage industries
Industrialisation led to disease of imperialism
Concept of economic equality
Truthful, non- violent, pure hearted socialism
Internationalism
We are citizens of the world
Similarity of problems (in S.A. & India)
Similarity of solutions (Peaceful. Non- ancient)
Conception of survival of truth than survival of fittest
Condemned imperialistic ideologies
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Untouchability
Popularized the word “Harijan”
to reduce the usage of word “achhoot” or untouchable
Mainstreamed the evil
To initiate a broader debate
After CDM, 1934 devoted his time to remove evil of Untouchability i
n
society
“The hate fullest expression of caste”
But he believed in 4-fold varna system
Based on hereditary occupation
Wrong to destroy caste became of outcaste
Akin to killing the whole body because of one ailing part
Believed in change of heart of upper caste Hindu
He lived with Harijans to share their distress
7 Deadly sins
Wealth without work
(lets us compromise our morals)
Pleasure without conscience
(irresponsibility)
Knowledge without character
Commerce without morality
Science without humanity
Religion without sacrifice
Politics without principles
Empowering Women
Opposed Purdah, child marriage, Untouchability, Sati
Especially focused on women in CDM Salt Satyagrah
Brought them to mainstream & Politics
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Happiness
It is when what you think
what you say
&
what you do
are in harmony
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First hand experience of U.T.
4 varnas breed inequality
Emphasised- liberty, equality, fraternity
Bahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha
Later Indian Labor Party had people from all castes
Radical Ideas
Caste system originated in land relations prevalent in
villages of India
Religion- cultural relations fuel the feudal relations
Annihilation of caste needed for decimation of both
Political power necessary to bring changes
State to ensure competition promoted
Concessions be given to lower castes so that they could also
participate in competition
For this state needed to have representative of all social
groups
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Against Capitalism
Capitalism & Brahminism
Twin faces of exploitation
Dalit Worker most exploited
Not even considered by communist Parties
Imperialism
He was neutral vis-à-vis colonial state
He didn't want to dissipate his limited resources on several fronts
His disapproval of imperialism did not mean disapproval of British
For him
Congress = Feudal lords+ urban capitalists
It bargains with colonial rulers for their share of power
Also, caste system= Hindu Imperialism
A great man is different from an eminent one is that he is
ready to be the servant of the society
Constitution is not a legal document
It is a vehicle of age
And its spirit is always the spirit of age
Women
Most oppressed of all
Social revolutions must always begin from the stand point of
most oppressed
1927, drinking water Satyagraha in Maharashtra
where women marched to assert U.T.’s right to drink water
from public tankers
1951, legislations to allow women choose their partners &
divorce them if required
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Religion
Religions as a code be also be based on principles of modern sciences
He accepted Buddhism claiming it to be a system in sync with modern
scientific values
He redefined Buddhism scientifically rationally
No God/ No Rituals/ No Permanent entities
Criteria
Bahujan Hitay, Bahujan Sukhay
(Happiness & welfare of many)
During deliberations, it was suggested to make village as basic
unit of Politics & Government
but Ambedkar was opposed to it
Ultimately, it was individual, rather than village that was
chosen as unit
Social Democracy
It means a way of life which recognises
liberty, equality and fraternity
as the principles of life
These principles of liberty, equality and fraternity are not to be treated as
separate items in a trinity
They form a union of trinity in the sense that to divorce one from the other
is to defeat the very purpose of democracy
Liberty cannot be divorced from equality
Equality cannot be divorced from liberty
Nor can liberty and equality be divorced from fraternity
Without equality, liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over the many
Equality without liberty would kill individual initiative
Without fraternity, liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over the many.
Without fraternity, liberty and equality could not become a natural course of things.
It would require a constable to enforce them
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A strong centre was desired
Because of times of stress & strain.
To plan well being of nation as a whole.
Communal violence of 1946 & 1947 borne witness for
need for a strong centre
To enable a stable government
Ambedkar in his last speech in CA gave 3 warnings about the future
Hold fast to constitutional methods of achieving our social and economic
objectives - There was no place for Gandhian methods of Civil
disobedience, Non-Co-operation & Satyagraha.
These methods are nothing but the Grammar of Anarchy.
Don’t do unthinking submission to any charismatic authority.
Indians should not be content with ‘mere political democracy’. We must
make our political democracy a social democracy as well
A great delusion
(Ambedkar on The Indian Nation)
How can people divided into several thousands of castes be a nation?
The sooner we realise that we are not as yet a nation in the social and psychological
sense of the world, the better for us
For then only we shall realise the necessity of becoming a nation and seriously think
of ways and means of realising the goal
In India there are castes.
The castes are anti-national
In the first place because they bring about separation in social life
Because they generate jealousy and antipathy
Without fraternity, equality and liberty will be no deeper than coats of paint
There was environmental rise in population after 1951 owing to
falling death rates
But agriculture productivity was very low owing to traditional
methods & lack of facilities
Three programmes seemed critical:-
Abolition of land revenue
Massive expansion of irrigation
Reform the system of land tenure
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As an economist criticized 2
nd
plan (Mahalanobis Plan)
As putting emphasing on 2 extremes –
large factories that used too little labour
&
cottage industries that used too much.
Marxists had their own criticism who thought plan has left too
much space for private sector.
Then there were Gandhians who favoured small dams, organic
manure
(They were against large dams & pesticides)
In CA, Article 44 provoked much agitation
particularly among muslim.
British interfered little with personal laws
why could not the succession state follow their example
but Nehru & Ambedkar were in its support
During the last years of their, the British had belatedly initiated the framing of a uniform code
for Hindus.
This sought to reconcile the 2 principal school of law – Mitakshara & Dayabhag.
Even a Committee was set up for the purpose.
In 1946, they had prepared a draft of a person law code to be applied to all Hindus
In 1948, CA formed a select Committee to review the draft of a new Hindu
Code Hindu Code bill was to apply to Sikhs Buddhists & Jains as well as
Hindu Castes & Sects
A lot of people came in opposition to this bill. RSS too joined in opposition.
Through 1950 & 1951, Nehru & Ambedkar made several attempts to get
Hindu Code Bill passed into law. But the opposition was considerable
both within & outside parliament.
In October 1951, Ambedkar resigned. He gave following reasons.
Poor health
Lack of faith in Prime Minister
Reservation about Govt’s foreign, policy particularly wrt Kashmir
Poor condition of SCs
Hindu Code bill issue
After a bruising battle extending over nearly 10 years.
Ambedkar’s Hindu code bill was passed into law
not in one swoop but in several instalments, the Hindu
Marriage Act 1955, etc.
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ATTITUDE
What is It
Expression of Favour or disfavor towards anything
(place, object, fellow)
A predisposition to act, Feel or think in particular
ways
Giving them like or dislike label
favorable or unfavorable outlook
Unimportant situations generate neutral attitude
Attitude is the outcome, the reaction
Develops through
Socialization
(a)Direct
Self experienced
Resistant to change
Eg: AFSPA directly witnessed. Negative attitude
(b) Indirect
Media
Significant others
Godmen
Teachers
Parents
Negative attitude towards Pakistan
Leads to development of stereotypes
(c) Parenting:
3 styles
producing different attitudes
(i) Authoritarian
Bureaucratic Personality
(ii) Permissive
Indulgent Materialistic Personality
6- pocket syndrome
(iii) Authoritative
Encouraged to be independent
Develops EI
Responsible behavior
Democratic attitude
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d) Culture
Indian culture
Vivekanda & universal brotherhood
Atithi Devobhavaa
Socio
-
Economic conditions
Negative interdependence
(Zero sum)
When scarce resources
Administrators to try positive interdependence
Eg: collective work
CDP
Gandhi’s Ashram
RTE
Sports
Components of Attitude
Cognitive
Thinking & Interpretation part
Stating some belief
Could be an outcome of methodical learning
or surroundings
Eg: Gun owners often kill themselves
-ve attiutdie to smoking because smoking kills
Media presenting facts (half truths)
attempting to change attitudes
Affective
Emotional
Resistant to facts
The emotions that are generated in response to an
object/person/idea
“Guns are scary”
Leads to prejudices
Eg: Meet a good Pakistani or a cop
Call it exception
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Behavioural
How one “wants” to act
Intention to act in a particular manner
Emphasis is on the tendency to act
Not the actual acting
It is generally the visible component of attitude
“ I don’t carry guns”
“ I’ll vote against guns”
These components have a “synergistic” relation
Some attitudes are based on beliefs, others on
feelings
Feelings have been seen to be overpowering beliefs
Attitude may also show ambivalence
Functions of Attitude
Object appraisal
Beneficial object or harmful
Social adjustment
To identify oneself socially
Ego- Defensive
Externalisation
defending self against inner- conflict
Knowledge
To organise information
Utility
To maximise rewards
Minimise cost or punishment
Value Expression
To assert our identity
Can be non- verbal
like certain clothes or actions
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Individual Differences
Various objects can be used differently by
various people
depending upon their attitude
Watch- For time or as a jewelry
Goggles
Laptop
Relation b/w Attitudes & Behaviour
No relation
Lapiere study (1930s)
Yes , it does guide behaviour
But under certain factors called
moderating variables
Quality of the Behaviour
Ranging from very specific to very general
Eg: Will you watch today’s match or do you
usually watch matches
Quality of the Actor
Driven by internal feelings show greater
consistency
Driven by situations show greater lesser
consistency
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Quality of the situation
Normative
driven by the norms of the situation
That is, how people think others expect them
to behave
Time Pressure
Time constraints make people act on their
thumb rules (heuristics)
Quality of the attitudes
Role of direct experience
Direct experience forms predictable attitudes
Attitude Accessibility
Cockroaches bring yuck feeling
Asked what’s the best Chinese restaurant,
you’ll have to think
Attitude Formation
Classical conditioning
Repeated association
Heavily influences children
Great role of non-verbal behaviour
Direct Instruction
of Parents
Elders
Colleagues
Teachers
Media
Instrumental conditioning
Behaviours associated with positive outcomes
reinforced
Negative avoided
Feel good factor
Smoking seen as cool
Observational learning
Parents’ behaviour
Impact of media
Movies
Advertisement
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Modeling
Imitating behavior of famous people or people
one admires
Social comparison theory
Attitudes held by others are reinforced
Functionalist Theory
Attitudes change when they no longer serve any
functions
Eg: Changed income level
changed car
changed job
changed friends
Advertisments/Appeals often highlight new utilities
changing attitude
Cognitive component
Reasoning
(Anti- smoking ad)
However
complex or ambiguous messages may be
discarded
Affective Component
Using experts/celebrities to induce feelings of
trust
Inducing fear or insecurity
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PERSUASION
Persuasion Tactics involve
Characteristics of communication
Similarity between Communicator and Receiver
Surf Ad - housewife Shown
ASHA in village
Khap, Gurudwara, fatwas for social change
Credibility & Trustworthiness of Communicator
Yudhishtir – Ashwathaama
Abdul Kalam - Positives of Kudankulam Plant
A rehabilitated person - talking of leaving alcohol
Sincerity
Bureaucrats aren’t seen as sincere
Nature of Message
Visual media preferred
Coloured pictures
Eg: Syrian boy dying on beaches
Frequency be high initially
Creative message
Main point first
Fear can be used but avoid too much.
Tendency develops to avoid
Must show personal benefits
(eg SBA-+Ve- for child’s edn.)
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Groups that receive message
High IQ group
Be given both pros & cons
Low IQ people
No. of arguments matters
rather than content
pictorial preferred
Low self esteem
Convinced easily
High self esteem
Argue
If argument is weak
Use distractions Like filmstars
Reference Group
Middle class follows upper class
Bandwagon effect
Persuasion Tactics also involve
Reciprocation
Central Principle is Give & Take
Rewards could be tangible or intangible
Consistency
People tend to behave consistently once they
have made a commitment
Social Proof
By noticing what other people think is correct
Likability
People say Yes to people they like
Authority
Authority (real or imagined) adds to the
substance
Scarcity
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Persuasion can fail
Reactance
when people know they are persuaded
Fore warning
Inoculation
Weak arguments are consistently given people
resist
or
if Weak arguments initially & strong later
people resist
POLITICAL ATTITUDE
Can be
+ve
-ve
indifferent
Formed by
Parental attitude
Both Verbal + Non-verbal gestures
Media
Debates
Peer Group, College, School
Self observation of politics around
Behaviour of members of political community,
parties
Socio- economic conditions:
(Rich generally apathetic)
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Changing Political attiutdes because
Mobility
Social & Geographical
Media Penetration
Literacy
National issues
like corruption
College politics
Large no of first time voters
Decreased eco activity
Leading to caste based mobilizations
MORAL ATTITUDE
Concerned with moral issues
dilemmas
(Eg: gay rights, suicide)
Driven by Religion, Culture
Difficult to change
Moral attitudes of dominant sections become
norms & laws
(Eg: Banning cow slaughter)
Intolerance
Difference in Moral attitude can lead to
conflicts
(Eg: Una flogging)
Respect diversity
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EXAMPLES
FOR
ETHICS
Legal
but
Unethical
Triple Talaq
(Gender related Inequality)
Monsanto - Terminating seeds
Marital sex without consent
Being rude to co-workers
Girls not wearing helmets
Not
ILlegal
but
Unethical
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Cheating on spouse
Breaking a promise made to a kid
Taking credit for work you did not do
Claiming maximum expenses because you don’t have
to show bills
Using lewd language while taking amongst friends
ILlegal
but
Ethical
Civil Disobedience movement by Gandhiji
Giving prescription drug to person in need
that you know since long
Over-speeding just to reach hospital fast
A kid stealing from donation box of a temple to give
to needy
EXEMPLARY
HONESTY
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Given out in a crucial match
Nobody realized I was out
But I walked off
On a study night out
We friends decided to take a break & went for coffee
My mother saw me & called me up to confirm where
was I
I spoke the truth
It only helped to increase her trust in me
ETHICAL DILEMMAS
FACED
Brother failed
Wanted me to keep the secret
Dilemmas
Personal Ethics vs Family ethics
Long- term vs Short-term gains
I revealed the failure to parents
He initially resented but quickly realised
worked hard
Now in best engineering school of the Country
Needy given job
Dilemmas
Merit vs Empathy
Social Ethics v.s Economics Ethics
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I, Student President, was asked to Protest against
Kashmiri students cheering Pak
But they had never said anything against India
They were rooting for Afridi only
Dilemmas
Organisational Loyalty vs Holding on to the Truth
Conscientious objector
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APTITUDE
A natural ability to do something
Ability to benefit from training
Aptitude + training = competence
Eg: Aptitude test differentiates between
Coal & Diamond
It is the natural ability/talent to acquire a certain
skill in the future through training
It could be
Mental
Physical
Skills vs Abilities
Skills
Things learnt in the past
Abilities
Present description
Some basic knowledge but yet not proficient
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Aptitude
Forward looking
Describes what a person can do
Appitude vs Intelligence
Intelligence is a more broader term
Aptitude is specific
Specialized officers selected through general tests
will lead to poor service delivery - IFS
Coaching centers are Making competence test an
achievement test
Aptitude tests check fluid indigence, out of box
thinking
Solving novel problems
Identifying patterns
Eg: Role of captain in team. Commander in war
Can aptitude be developed
Yes
During childhood
School system to help find right profession at right
age
Repeated experiences refine strategies
Innovation council of India
(Sam Pitroda)
Program called Tod, fod, Jod
Curiosity + on hand Learning while experiencing
Different people have different aptitudes of diff
works
School teacher to identity at right age
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EMOTIONAL
INTELLIGENCE
Emotions
Instinctive and Intuitive feelings
Right kind of Emotions
Right Quality
Right Place
What Shapes Emotions
Past Experiences
Cognitive Abilities
Situations
EI
Decision be based on factors that also keep in
mind Emotions
Eg: Family also affected in disaster
But need to act professionally.
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How to be Emotionally Intelligent
Perceiving Emotions
(both ours and of others)
Understanding Emotions
(of both)
Managing Emotions
(of both)
Using them for thoughtful Acts
How to be Emotionally Intelligent
Perceiving Emotions
Both -Within us & of others
Eg: creates succesful negotiators, healthy work
culture, amongst code loyalties
Adapt to situations & Facilitate thoughts
Anticipate future consequences of actions &
associated feelings
Eg: IQ will help get job, EQ will help succeed
Equanimity
Maintaining emotional balance
Not showing overt emotion
Not suppressing emotion
Not be influenced by praise or criticism
Motivate
Manager – only Rational Decision
Leader- Rational + Emotional
5 functions
(Given by Daniel Goleman)
Self Awareness
Aware of own emotions. Helps avoiding being manipulated
by others
Self management
Resilience
Inner, Mental Strength
(It avoids depression)
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Self motivation
Delaying self- gratification
(But can’t be done permanently)
Empathy
Handling
How EI develops
Parent’s Role
Eg: Parental discouragement of expression of
emotion
Eg. Boys don’t cry
Makes them insensitive to emotions
Poor social competence
Negative emotions develop self loathing
Unconditional Positive Regard
Leads to
Warmth
Responsiveness
Empathy
Patience
Perseverance
Relevance of EI in Bureaucracy
Fast Changing Society
Rising Inequalities
Rising Inadequacies
Increased Awareness
(increased IT
increased demand for GG)
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PRIs
Creating New Class of Politicians
Demanding more from Bureaucrats
Easy Politicisation of Issues
This all leading to Increased Stress,
Work Pressure, Conflicts
What Bureaucrat is Supposed to be
Emotionally Intelligent
Openness
(to new ideas)
Conscientiousness
Extrovertness
Agreeableness
Neurotocism
(showing anxiety)
EI used in
Criticism
(positively, openness)
Communication
Conflict Management
Required
EQ + IQ + SQ
EI & WORKPLACE
Use of Humour
Resolving Conflicts Amicably
Engaging Often
Regular Appreciation
Seeing from a Holistic Manner
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EI will Lead to
Job Satisfaction
Increased Commitment
Better Work-Life Balance
Increased Job Performance
EI to be seen during
Recruitment
Negotiating Contracts
Performance Appraisal
Peer Relationships
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How to
Justify an Action
Knowledge
If knowledge of the purpose of action is lacking
then called natural act
(beyond the purview of good/bad)
IPC
Murder or Homicide
Juvenile Justice Act
No jail sentence to children if NO knowledge of act
Amendment - Board will decide if subject had
knowledge
Ignorance (or Absence of Knowledge)
Ignorance of Law
Eg: that is why discretion of max & min
punishment
Ignorance of Fact
Not knowing whether your action violates law
Conquerable Ignorance
That can be overcome by common sense
( I didn’t know if Sec.302 existed !!!! )
Voluntariness
Nar Singh Yadav Case & WADA’s
actions
Freely Done
Case of Prostitution
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Passion
(eg: heat of the moment road)
Coercion
Habits
(of adulthood are more voluntary)
Pathological Mental State
Good effect must not be derived from a bad
effect
(that while attempting to shoot an enemy, you
also shot a terrorist)
Intention must be Good
(Jumping the traffic light in order to reach
hospital quickly)
There must be a good justification of the action
(eg- broke a promise to be home early for dinner but
stayed in office till late for important work)
Good effect must be the primary effect
(and not a derivative)
If bad effect is taken away
good effect will remain
(encounters, storming in during hostage crisis)
Other factors that affect an action
Extrinsic
Ethics
Laws
Rules
Regulations
Intrinsic
Attitude
Conscience
Values
Morals
Aptitude
EI
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WHY LAWS
ARE NOT FOLLOWED
AT TIMES
Surety of Punishment absent
(Severity vs Surety)
(Supreme Court Quoted)
Improper internalization
(not taught at formative years to follow law)
Police force lacking
Unawareness of law
Laws attempt to curb the symptoms
(and not the underlying causes)
Eg: Don’t litter, but dust bins are missing
Laws are Ambiguous
(imprisonment for blocking way of Ambulance
What if road is clogged?)
Over- regulation
(There are a lot of overlapping laws)
Broken window syndrome
One doesn’t follow, others don’t follow
Top people, people at top are not seen to be
following law
(eg People inside VIP cars not wearing seat belts)
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Infra lacking
Laws not updated timely
Changed morals/Ethics
Eg- Gay rights, Abortion
Laws are complex
Resourceful people come out
“Laws are for collective benefit” feeling missing not
internalized
Voice of conscience not there
conscience not aligned with the law
For making people follow law:
Rejmined is attitudinal change
Persuasion to follow willingly (not coercingly)
Value edu at younger age.
Eg: School trip to Power plant to make children’ see
pollution & attitude to save electricity
For making people follow law
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Role of Media
Need to sensitive young brains to
Violence
Sex
Equality
Critical Thinking
Education
Teachers to become Social change agent
Remember ASHA
Village women being told about importance of condoms
family planning
Can’t be achieved by men
That too from outside
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WHY WE DON’T HELP
OTHERS
(By Stander’s Apathy)
A socio- psychological phenomenon
Perceived diffusion of responsibilities
Seen as somebody else’s problem
Social Influence
Individuals evaluate how others are behaving & act
accordingly
More so in Urban areas
Where
Privacy
Leads to detachment from others
Individualism
Individual can survive alone
feeling of cooperation becomes missing
Economic values > Social values
Time is money
Materialism
Helping others won’t be beneficial as such
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Media desensitizing violence, death
Because of loss of certain cultural values
Victim effect
Every individual considers himself to be a victim
Harassment faced
Trust deficit in society
Lack of Empathy & Altruism
Problem less severe in rural areas
Need to
Revive Humanistic values in education
Training the police to avoid harassment
Attitude that if society benefits, I will also benefit
Good Samaritan law
Belief perseverance
Behave as if someone-close is suffering
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What is Law
An ordinance of reason
Promulgated for common good
By those who care for the community
It induces & Restrains certain actions
It must have an objective (or a Preamble)
Eg: SC has declared certain action as illegal they
didn’t have a preamble
What makes a law just
Physically + Morally possible to follow
Must conform to natural law
Justly distributes burden & Favours
Natural Law
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The claim that standards of morality are in some
sense derived from the nature of the world
and
the nature of human beings
St. Thomas Aquinas
Identifies the rational nature of human beings as
that which defines moral law
"the rule and measure of human acts is the reason,
which is the first principle of human acts"
On this common view, since human beings are by
nature rational beings
It is morally appropriate that they should behave in a
way that conforms to their rational nature
Thus, Aquinas derives the moral law from the nature
of human beings (thus, "natural law")
Universality: Applies to all Human Action:
Immutability: It cannot be changed intacprectation
may vary, not the law.
Principles of National Law
Primary: Easily discovered
like lying is bad, stealing bad
Secondary deduced from primary only people with invinable
ignorance can’t
Tertiary
Eg lying to same another Balancing Securely + Transport
Eg:
Reformative law
Attempt to re- invigorate the natural, ethical core of a
human
Eg. Sec. 377
Homosexual reactions were called unnatural
with reasoning becoming ‘natural’
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Act of commission
Positive Law
Can either restrain
Act of Omission
Negative law
No prescriptions as such
Not stopping friend from smoking
Rules & regulations
Engaged to clarify laws
RR are specific
Additional guidelines to define rights
R.R. Also induce + Restrain human behavior
Rules
Clarify, supplement or fill gaps of law
Guidelines for smooth functioning of orgn or an institution
Formal
Generally codified, Invite sanctions
Eg service rules, office timing
Informal
In social institutions, unwritten, reprimand
Eg: right time to come home
In govt parlance
Rules are called Delegated or Subordinate legislations
Regulations
Subset of rules
Generally written
Regulatory bodies create regulations using power from a law
Eg: SEBI Act, RBI Act
Rules Restrict Action
Eg: Traffic rules
Regulations Regulate Action
eg: Traffic diversion on Independence Day
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ETHICS
SERIES
INTEGRITY
IMAGINING INTEGRITY
Integrity as a Moral Value
(what about mistaken moral values)
Integrity as a Virtue
Integrity of an ecosystem, a computerized database system, a work of art, etc.
Seen in various aspects of Life
Integrity as attributed to various parts or aspects of a person's life professional
intellectual and artistic integrity
Two aspects
First - A formal relation one has to oneself or between parts or aspects of one's self
Second - Integrity is connected in an important way to acting morally
First is substantive
Second normative
IMAGINING INTEGRITY
Integrity as the integration of self
Integrity as maintenance of Identity
Integrity as standing for something
Integrity as moral purpose
Integrity as a virtue
INTEGRITY AS SELF INTEGRATION
Integrity is a matter of persons integrating various parts of their personality into a
harmonious, intact whole
Keeping the self intact and uncorrupted
Strength of will
Relation between a person’s intention and corresponding action
We don't need to evaluate the
appropriateness
value
justice
practical wisdom
Self integration comes to be seen as an achievement rather than a quality
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HARRY FRANKFURT'S VIEW
Desires and wills are arranged in a hierarchy
First order desires are desires for various goods
Second order desires are desires that one act on the first order desires rather than
another
Second order desires will pave the way for third order desires and so on
Wholly integrated persons bring these various levels of desires into harmony
and
fully identify with them at the highest level
A person is subject to many conflicting desires
If one simply acted at each moment out of the strongest current desire
with no deliberation on discrimination between more or less worthwhile desires
Then one clearly acts without integrity
Frankfurt calls such a person a wanton
One may do this by endorsing certain first order desires and outlawing others
For example one may endorse a desire to study and outlaw a desire to party
Reference to a higher order desire ranking success over fun
But second order desires may conflict
One may value success over fun
but
also fear that a ruthless Pursuit of success will make one boring
and value being fun over being boring
Fully integrated person will not fall victim to such conflict
They will either avoid it all together
or
resolve the conflict in some way
HARRY FRANKFURT'S
VIEW
WHOLEHEARTEDNESS
When agents constitute themselves without ambivalence or inconsistency
then the agent has what Frankfurt calls wholeheartedness
It should be noted that self conflict is not limited to desire
Conflicts also involve overcommitment to principles, values and wishes
These things are also in a state of flux
They change over time so that achieving the kind of whole heartedness is a never
ending process
But whole heartedness still does not imply morally correct
A person wholeheartedly dedicated to selling cars for as much money as possible is
prepared to blatantly lie in order to set up a deal
Wholeheartedness shall include some possibility of a compromise or conflict otherwise
it does not fall under the purview of Integrity
Example - Wholehearted effort to not work or watch movies
TYPES OF INTEGRITY
Integrity is also defined as commitment to different kinds of things like
People
Institutions
Traditions
Causes
Ideas
Principles
Projects
Commitments can be
explicitly self consciously publicly entered into
or
implicit and un-self conscious and private
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TYPES OF INTEGRITY
Some are relatively superficial and unimportant
like casual support of a sporting team
Others are very deep like the commitment implicit in genuine love or friendship
Since there are so many commitments of many different kinds
And because commitments inevitably clash and change over time
It is important to define which commitments we expect a person of integrity to remain
true to
It may be that integrity involves standing up for one’s views in a way that does not fully
respect the different views of others
A spirit of constructive criticism gets absent
TYPES OF INTEGRITY
Integrity involves managing various commitments and values
Is integrity in one area of life likely to flow over into others?
This is possible, in that the kind of reflection and self-assessment which goes into
maintaining integrity in one sphere of life may help people to reflect similarly in other
spheres
However, given human beings’ capacity and need for compartmentalization
or psychologically separating out different parts of their lives
this effect will not necessarily occur
TYPES OF INTEGRITY
Is integrity a zero-sum game?
For example, the more artistic integrity a person has, the less she has in personal life?
This does not seem necessarily to be the case
At the same time
a lack of integrity in one aspect of life does not necessarily mean there will be a lack in
other aspects of life
A person could lack personal integrity
But still have integrity in a number of restricted areas of life, such as in intellectual and
artistic pursuits
Therefore
The concept of integrity cannot be demarcated into types
without specific characterization of the kinds of challenges and hazards encountered in
the relevant field of action
INTELLECTUAL INTEGRITY
The term ‘intellectual integrity’ is ambiguous between integrity of the intellect and the integrity
of the intellectual
While it should, in general, be construed broadly, as integrity of the intellect
and thus applicable to anyone who thinks
here we will concentrate on the integrity of the intellectual, or integrity as the academic’s
virtue
Socrates had a commitment to the pursuit of truth and knowledge
and he demonstrated his intellectual integrity in the face of attacks on it
Socrates may be an outstanding example of a person of intellectual integrity
There is more to intellectual integrity than having a commitment to truth and knowledge
Intellectual integrity is often characterized as a kind of ‘openness’
an openness to criticism and to the ideas of others
However, if one is too open, one could absorb too many influences to be able to properly
pursue any line of thought
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IS INTEGRITY CONSTANT?
Integrity involves taking account of one’s changing
values, convictions, commitments, desires, knowledge, beliefs and so on over time
Integrity would thus require a robustly successful kind of self-examination
(an examined life)
Further understanding of this aspect of integrity would likely involve examining the so-
called moral emotions or emotions of self-assessment
Regret
Remorse
Guilt
Shame
IS INTEGRITY POSSIBLE?
Ways in which social and cultural structures may be obstructing the pursuit of integrity
The ideology of love
May undermine the integrity of lovers
as it may undermine the possibility of genuine and realistic love
In professional life
people may be called upon (not only tacitly) to lie, bluff or manipulate the truth
in ways that directly or indirectly affect their integrity
(Acts of commission as well as Acts of omission)
The construction of a mission statement or a strategic plan is in some ways an open
invitation to dissemble, pander and obfuscate
Hypocrites and Sycophants
IS INTEGRITY POSSIBLE?
And there are many kinds of assessments, reports and application processes that
foster both deception and self-deception.
If this is right, then contemporary society is antagonistic to a life of integrity in many
small-scale ways
Broad social structures also have a deleterious effect on our capacity to live with
integrity and here, of course, the effects of totalitarian regimes are more extreme than
those liberal democracies.
INTEGRITY IN CIVIL SERVICES
ARC II
CS should be guided solely by public interest in their official Decision Making
and not by any financial or other consideration
CS must fulfill his duties and obligations
Responsively
Professionally
Properly and efficiently
Within legal framework
Comply with law and uphold the admin of justice
Integrity leads to Efficiency
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EXAMPLES
FOR
ETHICS
Conscience
Inner voice
A persons moral sense of right or wrong
Viewed as acting as a guide to doer’s behavior
Not required to act
Intention is enough for inner feelings to begin
Explained through
Psychological
Sigmund Freud
ID - Present in child (max Pleasure, Min Pain)
Ego - Social/Based on Reality/ Mediates Childhood
Super Ego - internalization of values, morals of society
Copying
ID – Copy
Ego- Don’t copy when invilgator around
Super Ego Don’t copy at all
eg: corruption - Id dominates
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Conscience present in all, but not strong enough:
Conscience has ethical dimension, not only
compliance
Value Edn at young age, depends on cultural value
system
Philosophical
Attribute comprising of knowledge of vices & virtues
Eg: Buddha: conscience associated with pure heart +
calm & well directed
Conscience
Objective morality - An act of intellect to specific
action
Practical judgment of Reason
Critical conscience
capacity to rationally weigh the principles of
responsibility
Imp for dev. Of moral conscience.
Developed through Moral Dilemmas
Acquinhas
Vincible ignorance
Wrong conscience- Evil Action
Article 25
Freedom of Religion conscience
Imposer duty
Induced feelings
Conscience
knowledge of specific conduct conscientious person
organized effect
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Prisoners of Conscience
Used for jailed for holding political views not
tolerated by state
Even though no violence or hatred
Yet jailed
(eg Aung san sun kyi , Gandhi)
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ETHICS SERIES
APPROACHING CASE STUDIES
HOW TO START
➤ IDENTIFY STAKE HOLDERS
➤ ETHICAL ISSUES INVOLVED
➤ GIVE OPTIONS
➤ WITH MERITS / DEMERITS / OVERCOMING DEMERITS
➤ WAY AHEAD
EXAMPLE IDENTIFYING STAKE HOLDERS
➤ Manual Scavengers (and their families)
➤ Self (as DM)
➤ Households that get the services
➤ Political Heads
➤ Society
➤ Media
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ETHICAL ISSUES / DILEMMAS INVOLVED
➤ Political Compulsions vs Dedication to Duties
➤ Empathy (to Dalits) vs Loyalty to Political Head
➤ Secrecy of Data vs Transparent Reporting
➤ Unhealthy, undignified occupation vs Freedom to choose the
Profession
GIVING OPTIONS
➤ Manipulate the data
➤ Merits -
➤ Loyalty to Political Head
➤ Answering the Critics
➤ Demerits -
➤ Illegal and Unjust
➤ Possibility of losing the job if caught
➤ Loss of public’s trust in administration
GIVING OPTIONS
➤ Report accurate data
➤ Merits -
➤ Seen as honest administrator, open to face criticism
➤ Can take corrective actions based on right data
➤ Demerits -
➤ Political Backlash
➤ Transfer
➤ Media Trial
GIVING OPTIONS
➤ Seeking Advice from Seniors
➤ Merits -
➤ Keeping senior bureaucracy in loop
➤ Can take corrective actions based on experience
➤ Demerits -
➤ Might give immoral, illegal advice
➤ Might delay the process
➤ Loss of opportunity to show leadership
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GIVING OPTIONS
➤ Seeking support of Citizenry in creating awareness about the
rights of Manual Scavenger
➤ Merits -
➤ Lasting solution, involving the change of the heart
➤ Dalits will be given appropriate training and skills for their
proper rehabilitation
➤ Demerits -
➤ Doesn’t solve the immediate, short term problems
➤ Not sure if citizenry will participate (somebody else’s
problem)
GIVING OPTIONS
➤ Option that I will follow -
➤ In short term, I will seek in written the demands of the Political Head.
➤ If found to be violative of the principles of ethicality, legality then report to seniors or media
➤ In the long run, involve people to change their attitude towards Manual Scavenging
➤ Merits -
➤ Doing what is right, legal
➤ Lasting solution, involving the change of the heart
➤ Dalits will be given appropriate training and skills for their proper rehabilitation
➤ Demerits -
➤ Involving media might sensationalise/politicise the issue. Taking attention away from
the issue of Manual Scavenging
➤ Not sure if citizenry will participate (somebody else’s problem)
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DILEMMAS
FOR
CASE STUDIES
Personal Benefit vs Public Gain
Private Ethics vs Professional Work vs Life
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Crisis of Conscience Secrecy vs Transparency
Retribution vs Reformation Development vs Growth
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Environment vs Growth
Social Ethics
(welfare)
vs
Economic Ethics
(profit motive)
Means vs Ends
External Accountability
vs
Inner Responsibility
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Speed vs Accuracy
Honesty
vs
Integrity
(Integrity= Honesty + Absence of Cognitive
dissonance)
Centralised vs Decentralised National Interest vs Humanistic perspective
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Punishment vs Reward
Behaviour
vs
Attitude
Swift Response vs Following SOPs Discretion vs SOPs
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Loyalty to Family
vs
Loyalty to Humanistic Values
Empathy
vs
Efficiency
Using public utility for personal gains
National Security
vs
Privacy
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Autonomy
Vs
Accountability
Episodic Accountability
vs
Continuous Accountability
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Keywords
For
Case Studies
Place People at the centre
Treating people as Valued Participants
and not only as beneficiaries
Ensuring Minimum Tenure of Civil Servants
Keep in mind aspects like
Merit
Capability
Efficiency
Incentives
Ensuring Minimum Standards
Citizen Charter also to be updated regularly
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Citizen Charter to be implemented effectively
Citizen Report Cards
Continuous Feedback
Social Audit
Jan Sunwai
3
rd
Party Appraisal
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Independent Regulatory Mechanism
Promote Decentralisation
Promote PRIs
3Fs
Enabling People
Reducing Dependency on the State, Public Services
RTI
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Use of Technology
Digitization
e-governance
Time Bound Delivery
Efficient Grievance Redressal System Value based training of Public Officials
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Reform in Education System
Emphasis on
Equality
Morality
Justice
Empathy
Electoral Reforms
Strengthening Ombudsman
(both internal and external)
Constitutional as Guiding Light
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Seeking Advice from Seniors
Pros –
Experience
Keeping in loop
Shows Consultative Aspect
Cons –
Delay
Giving Away Leadership Opportunity
May give unethical, unconscionable advice
Setting up a Committee
Whistleblowing
Outsourcing
(in cases of admin lacking expertise, etc.)
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PPP Women Related Cases
Complain to
Chief Secretary
NCW
Vishakha – ICC
(Internal Complaints Committee)
IPC
Section 354
Eve-Teasing, Voyeurism
Section 376
Rape
Section 498A
Dowry
DVA
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Constitution
Articles
14
15
16
23
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Keyword
For
An Ideal Civil Servant
SAHILOO
SELFLESS
Holders of public office should act solely in terms of
the public interest
ACCOUNTABLE
Holders of public office are accountable for their
decisions
and
actions
to the public
and must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is
appropriate to their office
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HONESTY
Duty to declare any private interests
relating to their public duties
and
to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising
in a way that protects the public interest
INTEGRITY
Holders of public office should not place themselves
under any financial or other obligation
to outside individuals or organisations
that might seek to influence them
in the performance of their official duties
LEADERSHIP
Holders of public office should lead by example
They should be willing to challenge poor behaviour
wherever it occurs
OBJECTIVITY
In carrying out public business
including making public appointments
awarding contracts
or
recommending individuals for rewards and benefits
holders of public office should make choices on merit
and facts
Not on personal judgements
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OPENNESS
Holders of public office should be as open as possible
about all the decisions and actions they take
They should give reasons for their decisions
and restrict information only when the wider public
interest clearly demands
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Values
vs
Skills
A question of Internal Control or External Cure
Skills
External Methods and Techniques
Applied to Perform a task
Can be Acquired and Upgraded
What is the Problem
Higher Skills are acquired
but
Values are either missing
or
not aligned with social good
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Value - Low
Skill - High
Value - High
Skill - High
Value - Low
Skill - Low
Value - High
Skill - Low
Values
Skills
Addressing Value Gap
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Keywords
For
Case Studies
Place People at the centre
Treating people as Valued Participants
and not only as beneficiaries
Ensuring Minimum Tenure of Civil Servants
Keep in mind aspects like
Merit
Capability
Efficiency
Incentives
Ensuring Minimum Standards
Citizen Charter also to be updated regularly
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Citizen Report Cards
Continuous Feedback
Social Audit
Jan Sunwai
3
rd
Party Appraisal Independent Regulatory Mechanism
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Promote Decentralisation
Promote PRIs
3Fs
Enabling People
Reducing Dependency on the State, Public Services
Seeking Advice from Seniors
Pros –
Experience
Keeping in loop
Shows Consultative Aspect
Cons –
Delay
Giving Away Leadership Opportunity
May give unethical, unconscionable advice
Setting up a Committee
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Outsourcing PPP
MNREGA became a right after the state failed in its
duty to provide meaningful employment to its
citizens
Duties emphasise Obligations
Rights emphasise Claims
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Duties done is the Cause
Rights satisfied is the Effect
Assertion of Rights
is a reaction against
Non-performance of duties
Therefore
Important to have a value-led
Responsive
Government against non-performance of duties
Performing Duties – Sustainable Solution
Giving Rights – Symptomatic Solution
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CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE
WHAT IS IT
A set of
Rules
Practices
Processes
under which a company is regulated and
controlled
Stakeholders
Shareholders
Management
Customers
Suppliers
Financiers
Government
Society
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Why is it required
Increasing Private Sector
Increasing Globalisation
India Needs Capital to Grow
Increasing Retail Participation in
Markets
ISSUES
Management board and auditor nexus helps to evade
taxes, giving shares to equity holders
Eg- Satyam scAm
Insider Trading
Rajat Gupta Case
Shell Companies
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Gender Equality
Safety of the Women employee
Labour Participation in Decision Making
Companies making sin products and unhealthy foods
alcohol, cigarettes
CSR
Companies evading CSR and using it to promote their
business
Cartel Formation
Using Unethical Means to garner profits
Volkswagen case
Investment from/in Tax Havens
Various Important Examples
Sahara Case
Satyam
Shardaa
Ponzi Schemes
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PRINCIPLES
SUPERVISORY FRAMEWORK
Promoting Fair And Transparent Markets
Consistent With The Rule Of Law
Division Of Responsibilities Among
Supervisory, Regulatory And Enforcement
Authorities
Regulators to take into Account
Company's Size
Ownership Structure
Geographical Spread
Stage
Will give regulators the leeway to roll
these out as codes rather than hard
regulations
Shareholder Rights
Secure Methods Of Ownership Registration
Transfer
Access To Timely, Regular, Relevant And
Material Information On The Corporation
Right To Vote In Shareholder Meetings
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Institutional Investors And Markets
All Shareholders Of The Same Class Of
Shares To Be Treated Equally
Prohibition Of Insider Trading
Stakeholders And Corporate
Governance
Recognise The Role And Primacy Of The
Various Stakeholders Like
Investors, Lenders, Employees, Suppliers
And Customers
Transparency And Disclosure
Increase Public Trust Through Adequate And Timely
Disclosure
Change Focus From Periodic To Ongoing Disclosures
(No To Episodic Accountability)
Disclose Not Just Financial Results But Also Developments
That Impact The Operations
Board To Disclose The Estimates Used In Preparing The
Financial And Operating Results
Talk About Inherent Risks
To Give Investors Understanding Of Board And Management's
Business Judgment
(Fiscal Marksmanship)
Board Of Directors
Expand The Role Of The Board From
Monitoring To Guidance
From Risk Management To Providing
Strategic Guidance
Formulate Various Committees if required
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ETHICS IN
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
Refugee Crisis
“lifeboat ethics”
Legitimacy of International Institutions
Issue of Representation
Hegemony
Conditional Loans
R2P
SDGs
Global commons
Ozone layer depleting
Arctic, Antarctica Melting
Extreme Weather Events
Heat waves
WMDs
Airspace
Rivers
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Use of a country's soil to breed terrorism
against another
Non-State actors
Protecting Masood Azhar
Disputed Lands (Pok and CPEC)
International Risks
Diseases
Climate Change
Poverty
Protectionism
Sovereignty and R2P
Joint military exercises
International blockades, Sanctions
Non-citizens’ Rights
(Nitaqat, US Visa row)
Diaspora's Rights
(Pravasi Bhartiya)
Global Crime
Organised Crime
Safe Havens
Tax Havens
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ACCOUNTABILITY
WHAT IS IT
Answerability
Enforcement
Answerability
the obligation of the Government
Its Agencies
Its Public officials
to provide information about their decisions
and actions
And to justify them to the public
and to institutions that oversee
Enforcement
That public or the institution responsible for
accountability
can sanction the offending party
or remedy the contravening behavior
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Accountability
Importance to Governance
Evaluating the ongoing effectiveness of public
officials or public bodies
Providing value for money in the provision of
public services
Instilling confidence in the government
Being responsive to the community
Types of Accountability
Horizontal vs. Vertical Accountability
Horizontal accountability
Capacity of state institutions to check abuses by other
public agencies and branches of government
Such as Parliament, Judiciary, Regulators
Vertical accountability
Means through which citizens, mass media and civil
society seek to enforce standards of good
performance on officials
Political versus Legal Accountability
Parliament holds the executive politically
accountable
Judiciary holds the executive legally accountable
They provide ongoing oversight
They may also be aided by other institutions like
CAG, CVC, Ombudsman Offices, Human Rights
Commission, etc.
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Social Accountability
Varied and Different Mechanisms
Like
Participatory budgeting
Social audits
Citizen report cards
Main principles of diagonal accountability
Information flow
Capacity to Sanction
Compel Officials to Answer
Examples from Indian Context
Social Audits / Jan Sunwaai
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan
RTI
Participation of citizens
LARR Act
Pressure Groups
PIL / Judiciary
Vishakha Judgement, Niyamgiri case
Technology
mygov.in , Twitter, GARV App
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Media
Elections
Citizen Report Card
CCCC
CAG, CVC, CBI, Courts
Parliament
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Broadest
Keyword
For
ETHICS
JENDI RATE
JUSTICE
Justice is the legal or philosophical theory by which
fairness is administered
Justice is derived from the mutual agreement of
everyone concerned
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Justice is what has the best consequences
Justice concerns what is distributed
between whom they are to be distributed
what is the proper distribution
Some argue that property rights-based justice
maximizes the overall wealth of an economic
system
Justice is concerned with punishment for wrongdoing
Restorative justice
(also called "reparative justice")
is an approach to justice that focuses on restoring
what is good
and necessarily focuses on the needs of victims and
offenders
EMPATHY
Holders of public office are accountable for their
decisions
and
actions
to the public
and must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is
appropriate to their office
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NEUTRAL
Duty to declare any private interests
relating to their public duties
and
to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising
in a way that protects the public interest
DEDICATION
Holders of public office should not place themselves
under any financial or other obligation
to outside individuals or organisations
that might seek to influence them
in the performance of their official duties
IMPARTIAL
Holders of public office should lead by example
They should be willing to challenge poor behaviour
wherever it occurs
RESPONSIVENESS
In carrying out public business
including making public appointments
awarding contracts
or
recommending individuals for rewards and benefits
holders of public office should make choices on merit
and facts
Not on personal judgements
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APPROACHABLE
Holders of public office should be as open as possible
about all the decisions and actions they take
They should give reasons for their decisions
and restrict information only when the wider public
interest clearly demands
TEAM WORK
Holders of public office should be as open as possible
about all the decisions and actions they take
They should give reasons for their decisions
and restrict information only when the wider public
interest clearly demands
E I
Holders of public office should be as open as possible
about all the decisions and actions they take
They should give reasons for their decisions
and restrict information only when the wider public
interest clearly demands
