Bangladesh from 2013-2016. These include VEOs with an international presence (Islamic State in
Bangladesh and Al Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent, known within Bangladesh as Ansar-al-Islam), as well
as Bangladeshi organizations (Ansarullah Bangla Team, Jamaat-E-Islami Bangladesh, and Jama'atul
Mujahideen Bangladesh). These organizations are usually responsible for the most high-profile and mass-
casualty events, such as the July, 2016 Holey Cafe attack and hostage incident, which killed 28 people
and wounded another 30. This attack was claimed by Islamic State, and likely also involved Jama'atul
Mujahideen Bangladesh.
Many VEO-sponsored attacks in Bangladesh have targeted individuals rather than institutions, usually for
sectarian purposes, and as part of an ongoing campaign to intimidate and terrorize different minority
groups within the country. Targets have included ethnic, religious and sexual minorities, as well as
foreigners, academics, journalists, and those deemed to have committed acts of blasphemy or apostasy
against extremist interpretations of Sunni Islam. GTD data indicate that of the 59 lethal VEO-related
attacks recorded from 2013-2016, at least 35 were murders of targeted individuals; victims have ranged
from Hindu, Shia and Christian religious leaders
5
to university professors,
6
atheist and secular bloggers,
7
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights activists,
8
foreign aid workers,
9
and others. The
April, 2016 murder of LGBT activist and US Embassy employee Xulhaz Mannan along with colleague
Mahbub Rabbi Tonoy by Ansar-al-Islam is a prototypical example of these targeted killings, which are
often preceded by death threats and carried out by groups of men wielding knives, machetes, or other
crude weapons.
In addition to these high-profile attacks carried out by or on behalf of known extremist organizations,
Bangladesh has also experienced a troubling wave of sectarian violence carried out by individuals or
unorganized small groups against the aforementioned minority groups. The Global Terrorism Database
contains information on many attacks whose perpetrators remain unidentified, but clearly fall within this
narrative. Oftentimes, these attacks include difficult-to-prosecute property crimes (such as arson) and
are carried out using machetes, knives, rocks, petrol bombs and crude incendiary devices. Examples
from the 2013-2016 period include attacks against Sufi Muslims
10
, Hindu temples
11
and homes
12
, as well
as religious minority leaders.
13
Profiles of the individual militants themselves contradict a common narrative that they tend to be
uneducated and unskilled. Many arrestees from recent plots and attacks have been university graduates
with educated, middle class origins, suggesting that economic deprivation offers limited explanatory
power for why individuals join VEOs.
14
An analysis of the socio-demographic profiles of Bangladeshi
5
"IS 'beheads' Hindu priest in Bangladesh," BBC, February 21, 2016; "Top Shia Preacher Killed in IS Claimed Attack in
Bangladesh," Outlook India, March 15, 2016; "Bangladesh: Another Hindu priest murdered," The Daily Star Online, July 1, 2016;
"B'desh Christian priest attacked in his house by armed men," Deccan Herald, October 6, 2015.
6
"Professor murder: Militants claim responsibility on Facebook," Dhaka Tribune, November 16, 2014.
7
"Ananta Bijoy Das Hacked To Death In Bangladesh In Third Such Killing Of Atheist Bloggers," International Business Times,
May 12, 2015; "Second blogger hacked to death this year in Bangladesh," Reuters, March 30, 2015.
8
"Islamist Militants Suspected in Killing of Gay Rights Activist in Bangladesh," The New York Times, April 26, 2016.
9
"Australia: Bangladesh Opposition officials among seven charged over Italian aid worker murder," ABC Online, June 28, 2016.
10
"3 Sufi Muslims attacked in B’desh," New Delhi Pioneer, July 30, 2016.
11
"Dhaka: Fresh Attacks on Hindu Temples Create 'Widespread' Panic Among Minorities," The Daily Star Online, March 9,
2013.
12
"Bangladesh: 10 Hindu houses torched in Dinajpur," Dhaka Tribune Online, December 4, 2016.
13
"Leader of religious minority forum attacked in Bangladesh," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, November 24, 2015.
14
Rahman, M. A. (2016). The Forms and Ecologies of Islamist militancy and terrorism in Bangladesh. Journal for Deradicalization,
CONTRACT No. GS-10F-0033M / ORDER No. AID-OAA-M-13-00013 / DRG-LER I TASKING N058
OBIRODH Impact Evaluation: Road to Tolerance Youth Leadership Training Program in Bangladeshi Universities