DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LAB WORKBOOK
NEHRU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE
(Accredited by NAAC, Approved by AICTE New Delhi, Affiliated to APJKTU)
Pampady, Thiruvilwamala(PO), Thrissur(DT), Kerala 680 588
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS
LAB MANUAL
ME230- FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABORATORY
VISION
To mould our youngsters into millennium leaders not only in technological and scientific fields
but also to nurture and strengthen the innate goodness and humane nature in them to face the
future challenges in technological breakthroughs and information explosions and deliver the
bounties of the frontiers of knowledge for the benefit of mankind in general and down-trodden
and under-privileged in particular as envisaged by our great former prime minister Pandit
Jawaharlal Nehru.
MISSION
To built a strong centre of excellence in learning and research in engineering and frontiers in
technology, To felicitate students to learn and imbibe discipline, culture and spirituality besides
encouraging them to assimilate the latest technological knowhow to render a helping hand to the
underprivileged, thereby acquiring happiness and imparting the same to others without any
reservation what’s ever to turn the college into a magnificent and mighty launching pad to turn
out technological giants, dedicated research scientists and intellectual leaders of the society who
could prepare the country for a quantum jump in all fields of science and technology.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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ABOUT DEPARTMENT
Established in: 2013
Course offered: B.Tech Mechatronics Engineering
Approved by AICTE New Delhi and Accredited by NAAC
Affiliated to the University of Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University.
DEPARTMENT VISION
To develop professionally ethical and socially responsible Mechatronics engineers to serve the
humanity through quality professional education.
DEPARTMENT MISSION
1) The department is committed to impart the right blend of knowledge and quality
education to create professionally ethical and socially responsible graduates.
2) The department is committed to impart the awareness to meet the current challenges in
technology.
3) Establish state-of-the-art laboratories to promote practical knowledge of mechatronics to
meet the needs of the society
PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
I. Graduates shall have the ability to work in multidisciplinary environment with good
professional and commitment.
II. Graduates shall have the ability to solve the complex engineering problems by applying
electrical, mechanical, electronics and computer knowledge and engage in life long learning in
their profession.
III. Graduates shall have the ability to lead and contribute in a team entrusted with
professional social and ethical responsibilities.
IV. Graduates shall have ability to acquire scientific and engineering fundamentals necessary
for higher studies and research.
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PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO‟S)
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
PO 1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO 2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO 3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO 4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO 5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO 6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO 7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
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PO 8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO 9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO 10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
PO 11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO 12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO‟S)
PSO 1: Design and develop Mechatronics systems to solve the complex engineering problem by
integrating electronics, mechanical and control systems.
PSO 2: Apply the engineering knowledge to conduct investigations of complex engineering
problem related to instrumentation, control, automation, robotics and provide solutions.
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COURSE OUTCOME
CO VS PO‟S AND PSO‟S MAPPING
CO
PO
1
PO
2
PO
3
PO
4
PO
5
PO
6
PO
7
PO
8
PO
9
PO1
0
PO1
1
PO12
PS01
PSO2
CO 1
3
3
1
1
3
2
3
2
2
2
CO 2
3
3
1
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
CO 3
3
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
CO 4
3
2
2
2
3
2
1
3
2
1
CO 5
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
CO 6
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
CO 7
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
Note: H-Highly correlated=3, M-Medium correlated=2, L-Less correlated=1
CO 1
To acquire the basic knowledge and experimentally determination of
discharge through the flow measuring equipment – orificemeter,
venturimeter
CO 2
To acquire the knowledge about factors affecting the efficiency of a
centrifugal pump, reciprocating pump ,gear oil pump
CO 3
Experimentally discuss about the factors related to the efficiency of
Pelton wheel, Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine
CO 4
To know about the factors affecting the flow through pipes
CO 5
To acquire the basic knowledge about notches
CO 6
Experimentally finding the major losses in a pipe flow
CO 7
Discuss physical basis of Bernouli’s equation
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PREPARATION FOR THE LABORATORY SESSION
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. Read carefully and understand the description of the experiment in the lab
manual. You may go to the lab at an earlier date to look at the experimental facility
and understand it better. Consult the appropriate references to be completely familiar with the
concepts and hardware.
2. Make sure that your observation for previous week experiment is evaluated by
the faculty member and your have transferred all the contents to your record before
entering to the lab/workshop.
3. At the beginning of t he class, if t he facult y or the instructor finds that
a student is not adequately prepared, they will be marked as absent and not be
allowed to perform the experiment.
4. Bring necessary material needed (writing materials, graphs, calculators, etc.) to
perform the required preliminary analysis. It is a good idea to do sample calculations and as
much of the analysis as possible during the session. Faculty help will be available. Errors in
the procedure may thus be easily detected and rectified.
5. Please actively participate in class and don’t hesitate to ask questions. Please
utilize the teaching assistants fully. To encourage you to be prepared and to read
the lab manual before coming to the laboratory, unannounced questions may be asked at any
time during the lab.
6. Carelessness in personal conduct or in handling equipment may result in serious
injury to the individual or the equipment. Do not run near moving
machinery/equipment’s. Always be on the alert for strange sounds. Guard against
entangling clothes in moving parts of machinery.
7. Students must fo llow the proper dress code inside the laboratory. To
protect clothing from dirt, wear a lab coat. Long hair should be tied back. Shoes covering
the whole foot will have to be worn.
8. In performing the experiments, please proceed carefully to minimize
any water spills, especially on the electric circuits and wire.
9. Maintain silence, order and discipline inside the lab. Do n’t use cell
phones inside the laboratory.
10. Any injury no matter how small must be reported to the instructor immediately.
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11. Check with faculty members one week before the experiment to make sure that
you have the handout for that experiment and all the apparatus.
AFTER THE LABORATORY SESSION
1. C l e a n up y o u r w o r k a r e a .
2. Check with the technician before yo u leave.
3. Make sure you understand what kind of report is to be prepared and due
submission of record is next lab class.
4. Do sample calculat ions and some preliminary work to verify that
the experiment was successful
MAKE-UPS AND LATE WORK
Students must participate in all laboratory exercises as scheduled. They must obtain
permissionf r o m t he f a c u lt y m e m b e r f o r a b s e n c e , whi c h w o u l d be g r a n
t e d o n l y u n d e r j u s t i f ia b l e circumstances. In such an event, a student must
make arrangements for a make-up laboratory, which will be scheduled when the time is
available after completing one cycle. Late submission will be awarded less mark for record
and internals and zero in worst cases.
LABORATORY POLICIES
1. Food, beverages & mobile phones are not allowed in the laboratory at any time.
2. Do not sit or place anything on instrument benches.
3. Organizing laboratory experiments requires the help of laboratory technicians
and staff. Be punctual.
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SYLLABUS
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EXP
NO
EXPERIMENT NAME
PAGE NO
1
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF
GIVEN ORIFICE METER
10
2
DETERMINATION OF CO EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF
GIVEN VENTURIMETER
16
3
PERFORMANCE TEST AND DRAWING
THECHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
22
4
CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF RECIPROCATING PUMP
28
5
CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF GEAR OIL PUMP
33
6
CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF PELTON WHEEL TEST RIG
39
7
CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF FRANCIS TURBINE TEST RIG
44
8
CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF KAPLAN TURBINE TEST RIG
48
9
DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR OF
GIVEN SET OF PIPES
53
10
DETERMINE THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF NOTCH
58
11
DETERMINE THE FRICTION FACTOR FOR THE PIPES (MAJOR
LOSSES)
62
12
VERIFY THE BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
66
13
DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF A
V - NOTCH
70
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1. DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN
ORIFICE METER
AIM
To determine the theoretical discharge through the passage using orifice meter and to find the co-
efficient of discharge of the given orifice meter.
DESCRIPTION
Orifice meter has two sections. First one is of area a1, and second one of area a2, it does not have
throat like venturi meter but a small holes on a plate fixed along the diameter of pipe. The
mercury level should not fluctuate because it would come out of manometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Orifice meter
2. Differential U tube
3. Collecting tank
4. Stop watch
5. Scale
PROCEDURE
1. Measure the length and breadth of the collecting tank.
L = m & B = m.
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2. Open the respective valve in the pipeline and close all the other valves. Adjust the flow
suitably
3. Note the left limb reading (h1) and the right limb reading (h2)m of the manometer.
Close the drain valve of the collecting tank.
Find the time taken for 10cm (t) rise of water level in the collecting tank.
4. Repeat the experiment for the different flow rates and through different flow meters
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OBSERVATION AND RESULT TABULATION:
Diameter Of The Pipe Inlet (d
1
) = m Length Of The Collecting Tank = m
Orifice Diameter (d
2
) = m Breadth Of The Collecting Tank = m
Cd = Q
act
/
Q
the
average =
Q
the
m
3
/sec
Q
act
m
3
/sec
Time
taken for
10cm rise
of water
in the
tank (T)
sec
Diff of head
h
(m)
MANOMETER READINGS
h
1 -
h
2
(m)
h
2
(cm)
h
1
(cm)
S.NO
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2. DETERMINATION OF CO EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN
VENTURIMETER
AIM
To determine the theoretical discharge through the passage using orifice meter and to find the
co-efficient of discharge of the given venturi meter.
DESCRIPTION
Venturimeter has two sections. One divergent area and the other throat area. The former is
represented as a
1
and the later is a
2
water or any other liquid flows through the venturimeter and
it passes to the throat area the value of discharge is same at a
1
and a
2.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.
Venturi meter
2.
Differential U tube
3.
Collecting tank
4.
Stop watch
5.
Scale
PROCEDURE
1. Measure the length and breadth of the collecting tank.
L = m.
B = m.
2. Open the respective valve in the pipeline and close all the other valves. Adjust the flow
suitably
3.
Note the left limb reading (h
1
) m and the right limb reading (h
2
) m of the manometer.
4. Close the drain valve of the collecting tank.
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5. Find the time taken for 10cm (t) rise of water level in the collecting tank
6. Repeat the experiment for the different flow rates and through different flow meters
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OBSERVATION AND RESULT TABULATION:
Diameter Of The Pipe Inlet (d
1
) = m Length Of The Collecting Tank = m
Orifice Diameter (d
2
) = m Breadth Of The Collecting Tank = m
Cd = Q
act
/
Q
the
average =
Q
the
m
3
/sec
Q
act
m
3
/sec
Time
taken for
10cm rise
of water
in the
tank (T)
sec
Diff of head
h
(m)
MANOMETER READINGS
h
1 -
h
2
(m)
h
2
(cm)
h
1
(cm)
S.NO
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3. PERFORMANCE TEST AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
AIM
To study the performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump and to determine the
characteristic with maximum efficiency.
DESCRIPTION
PRIMING
The operation of filling water in the suction pipe casing and a portion delivery pipe
for the removal of air before starting is called priming. After priming the impeller is rotated by a
prime mover. The rotating vane gives a centrifugal head to the pump. When the pump attains a
constant speed, the delivery valve is gradually opened. The water flows in a radially outward
direction. Then, it leaves the vanes at the outer circumference with a high velocity and pressure.
Now kinetic energy is gradually converted in to pressure energy. The high-pressure water is
through the delivery pipe to the required height
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Centrifugal pump setup
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
PROCEDURE
1. Prime the pump close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
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3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in
collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the experiment
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for 10 revolutions of energy meter disc
FORMULAE
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OBSERVATION AND RESULT TABULATION:
LENGTH OF THE COLLECTING TANK (m) =
BREADTH OF THE COLLECTING TANK (m) =
Efficiency
%
Output
Power
Kw
Input Power
Kw
Discharge Q
m
3
/sec
average =
Time
taken for
10rev of
energy
meter (t)
sec
Time
taken for
10cm rise
of water
in the
tank (T)
sec
Total
Head „H‟
m of
Water
Vaccum
Gauge
Readings
(V)
Kg/cm
2
Pressure
Gauge
Readings
(P)
Kg/cm
2
S.NO
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4.CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF RECIPROCATING PUMP
AIM
To study the performance characteristics of a reciprocating pump and to determine the
characteristic with maximum efficiency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Reciprocating pump
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
PROCEDURE
1. Close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in
collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the experiment
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for 10 revolutions of energy meter disc
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OBSERVATION AND RESULT TABULATION:
Length Of The Collecting Tank = m Stroke Length ( L ) = m
Breadth Of The Collecting Tank = m Speed Of The Crank (rpm) =
Efficiency
%
Output
Power
Kw
Input
Power
Kw
% slip
Theoretical
discharge
Qthe
m3 /sec
Actual
Discharge
Qact
m3 /sec
average =
Time taken
for 10rev of
energy
meter
(t) sec
Time taken
for 10cm
rise of
water in
the tank
(T) sec
Total Head
„H‟ m of
Water
Vaccum
Gauge
Reading
s (V)
Kg/cm2
Pressure
Gauge
Readings
(P)
Kg/cm2
S.NO
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5. CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF GEAR OIL PUMP
AIM
To draw the characteristics curves of gear oil pump and also to determine efficiency of given
gear oil pump.
DESCRIPTION
The gear oil pump consists of two identical intermeshing spur wheels working with a fine
clearance inside the casing. The wheels are so designed that they form a fluid tight joint at the
point of contact. One of the wheels is keyed to driving shaft and the other revolves as the driven
wheel.
The pump is first filled with the oil before it starts. As the gear rotates, the oil is trapped in
between their teeth and is flown to the discharge end round the casing. The rotating gears build-
up sufficient pressure to force the oil in to the delivery pipe.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Gear oil pump setup
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
PROCEDURE
1. The gear oil pump is stated.
2. The delivery gauge reading is adjusted for the required value.
3. The corresponding suction gauge reading is noted.
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4. The time taken for ‘N’ revolutions in the energy meter is noted with the help of a
stopwatch.
5. The time taken for ‘h’ rise in oil level is also noted down after closing the gate valve.
6. With the help of the meter scale the distance between the suction and delivery gauge is
noted.
7. For calculating the area of the collecting tank its dimensions are noted down.
8. The experiment is repeated for different delivery gauge readings.
9. Finally the readings are tabulated
.
.
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OBSERVATION AND RESULT TABULATION:
LENGTH OF THE COLLECTING TANK = m
BREADTH OF THE COLLECTING TANK = m
Efficiency
%
Output
Power
Kw
Input
Power
Kw
Discharge Q
m
3
/sec
average =
Time
taken for
10rev of
energy
meter (t)
sec
Time
taken for
10cm rise
of water
in the
tank (T)
sec
Total
Head „H‟
m of
Water
Vaccum
Gauge
Readings
(V)
Kg/cm
2
Pressure
Gauge
Readings
(P)
Kg/cm
2
S.NO
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RESULT
Thus the performance characteristic of gear oil pump was studied and maximum efficiency was
found to be. ………%
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6. CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF PELTON WHEEL TEST RIG
AIM
To conduct load test on Pelton wheel turbine and to study the characteristics of Pelton
wheel turbine
DESCRIPTION
Pelton wheel turbine is an impulse turbine, which is used to act on high loads and for generating
electricity. All the available heads are classified in to velocity energy by means of spear and
nozzle arrangement. Position of the jet strikes the knife-edge of the buckets with least relative
resistances and shocks. While passing along the buckets the velocity of the water is reduced and
hence an impulse force is supplied to the cups which in turn are moved and hence shaft is rotated
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Venturimeter
2. Stopwatch
3. Tachometer
4. Dead weight
PROCEDURE
1. The Pelton wheel turbine is started.
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2. All the weight in the hanger is removed.
3. The pressure gauge reading is noted down and it is to be maintained constant for different
loads.
4. The Venturi meter readings are noted down.
5. The spring balance reading and speed of the turbine are also noted down.
6. A 5Kg load is put on the hanger, similarly all the corresponding readings are noted down.
7. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are tabulated.
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OBSERVATION AND RESULT TABULATION:
Diameter Of The Pipe Inlet (D
1
) = m Orifice Diameter (D
2
= m
Length Of The Collecting Tank = m Breadth Of The Collecting Tank = m
OP
KW
IP
KW
TURBINE
OUTPUT
NET
WEIGHT
T
average =
WEIGHT
OF G
BALAN
C
E T
2
WEIGHT
OF
HANGER
T
1
SPEED
N
Flow
ratio
Q
VENTURIMETER
READINGS
P
3
(cm)
p
2
(cm)
p
1
(cm)
Total
head
INLET
PRESSU
RE
SL
. N O
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RESULT
Thus the performance characteristic of the Pelton Wheel Turbine is done and the maximum
efficiency of the turbine is ………. %
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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7.CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF FRANCIS TURBINE TEST RIG
AIM
To conduct load test on Francis turbine and to study the characteristics of Francis turbine
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Stop watch
2. Tachometer
DESCRIPTION
Modern Francis turbine in an inward mixed flow reaction turbine it is a medium head turbine.
Hence it required medium quantity of water. The water under pressure from the penstock enters
the squirrel casing. The casing completely surrounds the series of fixed vanes. The guides’ vanes
direct the water on to the runner. The water enters the runner of the turbine in the dial direction at
outlet and leaves in the axial direction at the inlet of the runner. Thus it is a mixed flow turbine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Stop watch
2. Tachometer
PROCEDURE
1. The Francis turbine is started
2. All the weights in the hanger are removed
3. The pressure gauge reading is noted down and this is to be maintained constant for
different loads
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4. Pressure gauge reading is ascended down
5. The Venturi meter reading and speed of turbine are noted down
6. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are tabulated.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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OBSERVATION AND RESULT TABULATION:
OP KW
IP KW
TURBINE
OUTPUT
NET
WEIG
HT
T
average =
WEIGHT
OF G
BALANC
E T
2
WEIGHT
OF
HANGER
T
1
SPEED
N
Flow
ratio
Q
VENTURIMETER
READINGS
P
3
(cm)
p
2
(cm)
p
1
(cm)
Total
head
INLET
PRESSURE
S.NO
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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RESULT
Thus the performance characteristic of the Francis wheel turbine is done and the maximum
efficiency of the turbine is …………. %
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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8. CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS AND DRAWING THE
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF KAPLAN TURBINE TEST RIG
AIM
To study the characteristics of a Kaplan turbine
DESCRIPTION
Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine used in dams and reservoirs of low height to
convert hydraulic energy into mechanical and electrical energy. They are best suited for low
heads say from 10m to 5 m. the specific speed ranges from 200 to 1000
The flow through the pipelines into the turbine is measured with the office meter fitted in the
pipeline. A mercury manometer is used to measure the pressure difference across the orifice
meter. The net pressure difference across the turbine output torque is measured with a pressure
gauge and vacuum gauge. The turbine output torque is determined with the rope brake drum. A
tachometer is used to measure the rpm.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Venturi meter
2. Stopwatch
3. Tachometer
4. Dead weight
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Keep the runner vane at require opening
2. Keep the guide vanes at required opening
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3. Prime the pump if necessary
4. Close the main sluice valve and they start the pump.
5. Open the sluice valve for the required discharge when the pump motor switches from star
to delta mode.
6. Load the turbine by adding weights in the weight hanger. Open the brake drum cooling
water gate valve for cooling the brake drum.
7. Measure the turbine rpm with tachometer
8. Note the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge readings
9. Note the orifice meter pressure readings. Repeat the experiments for other loads
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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OBSERVATION AND RESULT TABULATION:
OP KW
IP KW
TURBINE
OUTPUT
NET
WEIGHT
T
average =
WEIGHT
OF G
BALANC
E T
2
WEIGHT
OF
HANGER
T
1
SPEED
N
Flow
ratio
Q
VENTURIMETER
READINGS
P
3
(cm)
p
2
(cm)
p
1
(cm)
Total
head
INLET
PRESSU
RE
SL
NO
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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RESULT
Thus the performance characteristic of the Kaplan turbine is done and the maximum efficiency
of the turbine is …………. %
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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9.DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR OF
GIVEN SET OF PIPES
AIM
To find the friction ‘f’ for the given pipe.
DESCRIPTION
When liquid flows through a pipeline it is subjected to frictional resistance. The frictional
resistance depends upon the roughness of the pipe. More the roughness of the pipe will be more
the frictional resistance. The loss of head between selected lengths of the pipe is observed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. A pipe provided with inlet and outlet and pressure tapping
2. Differential u-tube manometer
3. Collecting tank with piezometer
4. Stopwatch
5. Scale
PROCEDURE
1. The diameter of the pipe is measured and the internal dimensions of the collecting tank
and the length of the pipe line is measured.
2. Keeping the outlet valve closed and the inlet valve opened
3. The outlet valve is slightly opened and the manometer head on the limbs h1 and h2 are
noted
4. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow rate and then the
corresponding readings are noted
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OBSERVATION AND RESULT TABULATION:
Diameter Of The Pipe(d
1
) = m Length Of The Collecting Tank = m
Length Of The Pipe( l ) = m Breadth Of The Collecting Tank = m
Friction
factor (f)
average =
Q
act
m
3
/sec
Velocity
V
m
3
/sec
Time
taken for
10cm rise
of water
in the
tank (T)
sec
Diff of head
h
(m)
MANOMETER READINGS
h
1 -
h
2
(m)
h
2
(cm)
h
1
(cm)
S.NO
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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RESULT:
1. The frictional factor ‘f ‘ for given pipe =------------- x 10-2 (no unit)
2. The friction factor for given pipe by graphical method = ------------- x 10-2 (no
unit)
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10. DETERMINE THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF NOTCH
AIM
To determine the coefficient of discharge of ‘ V ‘Notch
DESCRIPTION
Notches are overflow structure where length of crest along the flow of water is accurately
shaped to calculate discharge. The bottom edge, over which the liquid flows, is known as sill or
crest of the notch and the sheet of liquid flowing over a notch (or a weir) is known as nappe or
vein. A notch is, usually made of a metallic plate and is used to measure the discharge of liquids.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Supply Tank,
2. Collecting Tank
3. Pointer, Scale
4. V Notch
PROCEDURE
1. The notch under test is positioned at the end of tank with vertical sharp edge on the
upstream side.
2. Open the inlet valve and fill water until the crest of notch.
3. Note down the height of crest level by pointer gauge.
4. Change the inlet supply and note the height of this level in the tank.
5. Note the volume of water collected in collecting tank for a particular time and find out
the discharge.
6. Height and discharge readings for different flow rate are noted
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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FORMULAE
Where:-
Q = Discharge
H =Height above crest level
θ= Angle of notch
B = Width of notch
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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RESULT:
The value of Cd for V-notch……
The value of Cd for rectangular notch……
The value of Cd for trapezoidal notch ……
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11. DETERMINE THE FRICTION FACTOR FOR THE PIPES (MAJOR LOSSES)
AIM
To determine the friction factor for the pipes.(Major Losses)
DESCRIPTION
Friction factor in pipes or Major losses:- A pipe is a closed conduit through which fluid flows
under the pressure. When in the pipe, fluid flows, some of potential energy is lost to overcome
hydraulic resistance which is classified as:-
1. The viscous friction effect associated with fluid flow.
2. The local resistance which result from flow disturbances caused by sudden expansion and
contraction in pipe
Obstruction in the form of valves, elbows and other pipe fittings. curves and bend in the pipe.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Supply Tank,
2. Collecting Tank
3. Pipes having different diameter
4. Manometers
PROCEDURE
1. Note down the relevant dimensions as diameter and length of pipe between the pressure
tapping, area of collecting tank etc.
2. Pressure tapping of a pipe is kept open while for other pipe is closed.
3. The flow rate was adjusted to its maximum value. By maintaining suitable amount of
steady flow in the pipe.
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4. The discharge flowing in the circuit is recorded together with the water level in the left
and right limbs of manometer tube.
5. The flow rate is reduced in stages by means of flow control valve and the discharge &
reading of manometer are recorded.
6. This procedure is repeated by closing the pressure tapping of this pipe, together with
other pipes and for opening of another pipe.
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Observation:-
Diameter of pipe D =
Length of pipe between pressure tapping L =
Area of collecting tank =
Sr.
No.
Manometer Reading
Discharge measurement
F
=
π
2
g
D
5
/
8
L
Q
2
ℎ
f
Left
limb
H
1
Right
limb
H
2
Difference of
head in term of
water
h
f
=
13.6(H
2
-H
1
)
Initi
al
cm.
Final
cm.
Time
sec
Discharge
Q
(cm
3
/sec)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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RESULT:
Friction factors:
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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12. VERIFY THE BERNOULLI‟S THEOREM
AIM
To verify the Bernoulli’s theorem
DESCRIPTION
Bernoulli’s theorem states that when there is a continues connection between the particle of
flowing mass liquid, the total energy of any sector of flow will remain same provided there is no
reduction or addition at any point
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Supply tank of water
2. Tapered inclined pipe fitted with no. of piezometer tubes point
3. Measuring tank,
4. Scale
5. Stop watch
PROCEDURE
1. Open the inlet valve slowly and allow the water to flow from the supply tank.
2. Now adjust the flow to get a constant head in the supply tank to make flow in and out
flow equal.
3. Under this condition the pressure head will become constant in the piezometer tubes.
4. Note down the quantity of water collected in the measuring tank for a given interval of
time.
5. Compute the area of cross-section under the piezometer tube.
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6. Compute the area of cross-section under the tube.
7. Change the inlet and outlet supply and note the reading.
8. Take at least three readings as described in the above steps.
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Reading of
piezometric tubes
Area of cross
section under the foot
of each point
Velocity of water
under foot of each
point
V
2
/2g
p/ρ
V
2
/2g + p/ρ
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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RESULT:
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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13. DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF A
V - NOTCH
AIM
To calibrate a V –notch
DESCRIPTION
NOTCH:
A Notch is regarded as an orifice with water level below its upper edge. Notch is made of a
metallic plate and its use is to measure the discharge of liquids. These are used for measuring the
flow of water from a vessel or tank with no pressure flow. Since the top edge of the notch above
the liquid level serves no purpose therefore a notch may have only bottom edge and sides.
SILL “OR” CREST OF A NOTCH:The bottom edge over which liquid flows is known as Sill
or Crest of the notch.
RECTANGULAR NOTCH:The notch which is Rectangular in shape is called as the
rectangular notch. Coefficient of discharge (Cd): It is the ratio between the actual discharge and
the theoretical discharge. Mathematically
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS, NCERC PAMPADY.
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PROCEDURE
1. Fix the plate having rectangular notch in the water passage of Hydraulic bench.
2. Turn the hydraulic bench on; water will accumulate in the channel.
3. When the water level reaches the Crest or sill of notch stop the inflow and note the
reading, and design it as H1.
4. Restart the bench and note the volume and time of water that accumulates in the
volumetric tank of bench, from this find the discharge, and also note the height of water
at this point.
5. Find H = H2 – H1 This will give you the head over the notch.
6. Find the width of the notch.
7. Take different readings by changing the discharge head over the notch, using the above
procedure.
8. Plot a graph between Log10H and Log10Q and find K from graph equation.
Find Cd from the following formula. Cd = 2 / 3 x k / √2g x b
Observation :
Triangular or V -notch.
Apex angle of Notch , =
Crest Level of trapezoidal notch H1=
Area of collecting tank, a=
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RESULT
