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The USA Swimming Open Water
Swimming Referee Manual
USA Swimming Official’s Committee
Open Water Development Committee
Photo of the finish of the 2011 USA Swimming National Open Water Swimming Championships
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Contents
1.1 Swimmer Safety - Paramount.................................................................................................. 4
1.1.1 Inclusion of swimmers with a disability ....................................................................................... 5
1.2 Meet Planning - The Local Organizing Committee (LOC) ................................................................. 5
1.2.1 The Event Plan ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.2 Long Range Planning ................................................................................................................. 5
1.2.2.1 Recommendations for Referees – New Events .......................................................................... 6
2. Being the Referee ................................................................................................................................ 7
2.1 Guiding Principles – Enforcing the Rules ...................................................................................... 7
2.2 Preparation for an Event ................................................................................................................ 8
2.2.1 Course ............................................................................................................................................ 8
2.2.2 Landside Support ........................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 The Venue - Race Day ................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Supporting Officials and Other Volunteers ...................................................................................... 10
2.3.1 Required Officials ...................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.2 Official’s Preparation ................................................................................................................. 11
3. Referee - Duties and Responsibilities ............................................................................................ 11
3.1 Referee – an Awesome Responsibility ........................................................................................ 11
3.1.2 Race Day ...................................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.3 Race Day Decisions ..................................................................................................................... 12
3.2 Open Water Support Craft ........................................................................................................... 12
3.2.1 General Characteristics of Open Water Support Craft ................................................................. 12
3.3 Briefings to Swimmers, Coaches and Handlers .......................................................................... 13
3.3.1 Technical Meeting ........................................................................................................................ 13
3.4 Registration .................................................................................................................................. 14
3.5 – Athlete Final Check and Inventory ............................................................................................ 15
4 The Race ........................................................................................................................................... 16
4.1 The Start ...................................................................................................................................... 16
4.1.1 False Starts .................................................................................................................................. 17
4.2 After the Start - Working the Pack(s) .......................................................................................... 17
4.2.1 Referee Boat Positioning .............................................................................................................. 17
4.3 Preventative Officiating ................................................................................................................ 18
4.4 Infractions .................................................................................................................................... 19
4.4.1 Yellow Flag ................................................................................................................................... 19
4.4.2 Red Flag ....................................................................................................................................... 20
4.3 Judging Contact ........................................................................................................................... 21
4.4 Right of Way ................................................................................................................................ 21
4.5 Where Contact Becomes Illegal .................................................................................................. 21
4.6 Unsporting Conduct ..................................................................................................................... 22
5 Specific Rules for OW Swimming ....................................................................................................... 22
5.1 Escorted and Unescorted Swims ................................................................................................. 22
5.2 Turning or Rounding Buoys/Objects ............................................................................................ 22
5.3 Feeding, Standing, Walking ......................................................................................................... 23
5.4 Use of devices to assist/support swimmers. ................................................................................ 24
5.5 Withdrawal / Leaving the Water ................................................................................................... 24
6 The Finish ........................................................................................................................................... 25
7 Protests............................................................................................................................................... 25
8 Duties of Assistant Referees (Water and Land Based) ...................................................................... 26
8.1 Briefings/Instructions to Officials .................................................................................................. 26
8.2 Other officials and their rolls in the conduct of the competition. ............................................ 27
8.3 Escort Safety Craft ....................................................................................................................... 27
8.4 Turn Judges ................................................................................................................................. 28
8.5 Race Judges ................................................................................................................................ 29
9 Timing ................................................................................................................................................ 29
10 Finish Judging ................................................................................................................................. 31
11 Determining the Final Result ........................................................................................................... 31
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12 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 33
Appendix A - Swimmers/Coaches Pre-Race Briefing Guide ................................................................. 34
Appendix B - OWS Infraction Report ..................................................................................................... 37
Appendix C - Sample Announcer Time Line ......................................................................................... 38
Appendix D – Examples of Referee Positioning.................................................................................... 39
Appendix D – Pre-Race Captains Briefing ............................................................................................ 48
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1. Introduction
The objective of this training manual is to provide Officials with a basic understanding of the Open
Water Swimming Referee’s role in the conduct of an Open Water competition. With the inclusion of
the Open Water Marathon Swim in the Olympic Games and the competition for 6 additional medals, it
is expected that Open Water swimming events will continue to gain popularity among USA Swimming
athletes and coaches.
The success of any open water swimming event is dependent on the careful planning, preparation
and understanding of the sport and the local elements by the meet Organizing Committee and
officials. Without diligent advanced planning, open water events can be difficult to manage and the
inherent risks can lead to dangerous situations for the athletes, volunteers and those in the water.
An experienced and competent Open Water Swimming Referee is one key to the success of any
open water event. The 10-kilometer swim is swimming’s equivalent of the marathon run. In track, the
event is moved out of the confined space of the track stadium and out onto the open road. In open
water swimming, the event is moved from the controlled environment of the pool to the relatively
uncontrolled open water venue. For the elite athletes, a 10-kilometer marathon swim and a 26.2-mile
marathon run are roughly equivalent in time – approximately 2 hours.
All Officials, competitors, Local Organizing Committee and spectators look to the Open Water
Referee for leadership, and guidance. The Referee’s temperament, decisiveness, logic and
responsiveness under stress, will be challenged during each open water event. It is imperative that
the Referee reacts appropriately under stress in a calm, logical and positive manner. This ability will
instil confidence to all other participants in the event. The Open Water Referee sets the standard of
excellence that all other members of the officiating team strive to emulate. It is an awesome
responsibility and one that should not be undertaken lightly.
1.1 Swimmer Safety - Paramount
There are significant potential risks to all participants in Open Water Swimming. Open Water
Referees and event organizers need to be extremely vigilant to minimize these risks. By necessity all
open water swimming events are subject to varying environmental elements. The pool environment
affords an element of protection from climatic conditions and is a much more controlled environment.
Open Water Swimming events do not have this luxury. Weather conditions can change rapidly and
unexpectedly. The Referee and the staff and volunteers that report to his/her need to maintain a
constant state of awareness as to all conditions that may affect the event. The Referee needs to use
members of the officiating team and other event support staff to assist in keeping the event safe.
This is not a one-man show – teamwork is paramount. The officiating team must place the safety of
the swimmer before all else.
The Referee must be prepared to postpone, modify or cancel an event should the conditions warrant.
There must be an Emergency Action Plan that can be rapidly activated should any emergent situation
arise. These plans must be developed and agreed upon by all stakeholders well ahead of the event
and in accordance with USA Swimming rules and procedures. The Referee must act decisively and
always in the interest of the safety of the competitors, coaches, spectators and support staff. There
certainly might be disappointment that an event is postponed or cancelled, but the loss or injury a
single swimmer is an absolutely unacceptable outcome. The Referee should use input from the
Independent Safety Monitor, Safety Officer, Medical Officer, Course Officer and Meet Director in
making decisions that affect the safety of the event. A voice or note of concern from anyone involved
with the event should lead to an immediate examination risks. If an error is to be made....make it on
the side of SAFETY!
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1.1.1 Inclusion of swimmers with a disability
Swimmers with a disability (physical or intellectual) are welcome to participate in Open Water
competitions. Careful consideration of each individual’s disabilities and potential special support
needs should be given prior to allowing the competitor on course in marginal conditions. Just as
able-bodied athletes need additional support under marginal conditions, so too will the disabled
athlete. Do not allow participants to begin a race unless appropriate support can be provided.
1.2 Meet Planning - The Local Organizing Committee (LOC)
The Local Organizing Committee consists of the individuals (volunteers or paid staff) who are
responsible for developing and executing an event. The LOC will probably have an organized
structure which may include Chairman and sub-committee Chairs. The Referee should be included in
the general organization structure of the LOC. The LOC is responsible for developing an Event Plan.
1.2.1 The Event Plan
Every Open Water event must include detail planning. The Event Plan is the comprehensive
document which covers all aspects of a given Open Water event. USA Swimming has published
detailed requirements for items that must be included in an event plan. Refer to the most up-to-date
sanction requirements for exact details.
1. Event Plan
a. Venue Plan
i. Parking
ii. Registration/Check-in
iii. Changing/Rest Rooms
iv. Warm-up Area
v. Spectator Viewing
vi. Vendor Area
vii. Recovery Area
viii. Awards Area
b. Race Plan
c. Safety Plan
d. Emergency Action Plan
e. Contingency Plans
1.2.2 Long Range Planning
The Meet Director is part of the Local Organizing Committee (LOC). The LOC is responsible for the
long range planning leading up to the event. It is very important that the Referee develop a good
working relationship with the LOC as early as possible during the event planning process.
This is particularly important when a new event is developed and conducted for the first time. What is
a “New” event? A new event would be an event being promoted for the first time. New events
contrast with established events. Established events have been run over many years with
established courses and, in many cases, a consistent volunteer organization. This is not to say that
significant obstacles cannot happen at both a new or established event, but the LOC of established
events tend to have seen and overcome significant challenges over the years and know how to react
to unusual situations.
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The Referee should meet with the LOC and in particular, the Meet Director, at least two months in
advance of the event. In the initial meetings, the Referee should listen to the vision that the LOC has
for the event. In this initial meeting, the Referee should listen, question and investigate the plans of
the LOC regarding course layout, safety and emergency action plan, anticipated event size, support
craft availability, volunteer availability, etc. The Referee should take notes, collect written course plan
documents and carefully evaluate the LOC plans.
After evaluating the LOC event plans, the Referee should discuss and document any concerns that
might arise regarding the LOC vision regarding the event. The Referee should use his experience to
try and make the event work within the vision of the Organizing Committee. The Referee should be
careful not to overrun the LOC with demands for the event. Rather the Referee should gently
suggest ideas and solution for concerns that may arise during the planning meeting. The Referee
can share experiences from other open water events with the LOC that might help them overcome
potential or actual problematic areas.
After concerns from both sides have been heard and appropriate modifications to the event have
been made, the Referee and the LOC should agree upon milestones to be reached along the timeline
leading to the event. Whether an event is large or small, simple or complex, a written event
milestone/responsibilities document should be created and distributed to key personnel leading up to
the execution of the event.
Up to this point, a Referee new to Open Water officiating might be asking the question, “Why am I
involved in the planning of the event? Isn’t this the responsibility of the Meet Director?” In a pool
event, a Referee can expect to show up to the event and have the lane lines in place, the starting
blocks installed, timing system ready, bathrooms available, etc. In an open water event, virtually
every aspect of each event must be created from scratch. The course must be created, there likely
will not be any start or finish structure present. There will be a significant number of variables that
must be considered regarding the course. It is not uncommon to have two or more course
possibilities available to be implemented the day of the event depending on the actual water and
weather conditions that may be experienced on race day.
The Referee becomes a significant part of the safety team for the event. The Referee, the
Independent Safety Monitory and the Safety Officer work closely with the Meet Director to ensure that
each race is as safe as possible. The Referee should always respect the safety recommendations of
other members of the local safety team, officiating team, and the Local Organizing Committee,
especially because they are more familiar with the venue and its expected conditions. Each safety
concern must be addressed to the collective satisfaction of all stakeholders.
When a new Referee meets with a LOC that runs an established event, the Referee can expect to
hear a thorough briefing that covers all of the critical elements which make an open water event
successful. The Referee should take careful notes so that their participation in the event ensures
event-to-event consistency. There can be a great deal of increased safety gained by keeping
procedures consistent event-to-event. The LOC and athletes who have participated in earlier events
know what to expect and become natural leaders to the less-experienced participants at the event. It
helps existing events if the Referee has participated in some lower capacity at the event in previous
years. When joining as a member of the team in an event that has existed for a long time, the
Referee should NEVER assume that all safety issues are addressed. The Referee must ALWAYS
ensure that every safety consideration is addressed to his level of comfort regardless as to how many
years “it has been done this way”.
1.2.2.1 Recommendations for Referees – New Events
1. Consider the length of the events. If multiple events are being planned to overlap on a
multiple loop course, carefully consider where athletes and safety personnel are when new
waves or events are being started.
2. Consider what type and the location of the start. Consider using existing structures or
landmarks as starting positions.
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3. Carefully consider what type of finish that will be used. Use existing structures or landmarks
when possible for positioning of Finish Judges, Timing Judges, and Timing System
equipment.
4. When laying out a course, try to design a course that will be easily monitored by safety
personnel. Depending on the number of safety personnel and the availability of watercraft,
narrow courses (less than 50 meters wide) can be much easier to monitor from a safety
perspective than point-to-point or geometrically-shaped courses.
5. Consider the navigation talents of your participants. Novice OW swimmers often
demonstrate a virtual complete lack of navigation skills. Navigation ineptitude of potentially
hundreds of swimmers must be taken into consideration when planning a course.
2. Being the Referee
The Race Referees must position themselves from the start to the finish of the last swimmer on the
water. Very much like pool officiating, the eyes of the Referee should be on the swimmers from the
start to the finish of the race. The Referee should never leave his position unless an emergency
situation arises that requires their immediate attention. If there are no Assistant Referees assigned,
the Race Referee will have to remain on the water unless there is another official that can be
appointed to act in the capacity of Referee. Once the situation is resolved, the Referee must return to
the role as Referee and return to the water. Having Assistant Referees assigned and available helps
resolve these issues.
Personal observation of each and every swimmer throughout the Race in Open Water Swimming
events is practically impossible. The Referee must rely on the integrity and experience of the other
assigned Officials and water safety personnel to report swimmers who violate the rules or may be
having difficulty during the race.
The Referee communicates with many Officials and volunteers on race day on all aspects of the
event. These include beach side support, water safety personnel, First Aid, and other volunteers who
may not have been previously involved in Open Water Swimming events. Clear and concise
communication is very important. Assume nothing....however; let those with responsibilities do their
jobs.
The Referee must always be receptive to questions no matter who asks the question, or how often it
is asked. The Referee might not always know the answer but should at least provide a response. “I’m
not sure, but I’ll find out and let you know” is acceptable (as long as it’s not the answer to all
questions). Seek out expertise amongst the Meet Director and fellow officials.
Exercise and maintain control of the event while acting in a calm and dignified manner. A Referee
who is constantly darting around the venue exudes an air of tension. Be prepared for the
unexpected. Assign experienced officials to work with officials who are new to open water officiating.
The Referee is the leader of the team of officials who is responsible for the Safety and success of the
event. Build the team; use the expertise that is available to its maximum potential. Treat all other
officials with respect and all involved will have a positive learning experience. Command respect and
be respectful of others.
2.1 Guiding Principles – Enforcing the Rules
What is the primary purpose of the USA Swimming Rules and Regulations? To ensure that all
swimmers receive an equal and fair opportunity to compete no matter what the level of competition.
In the pre-amble to Section 7 of the USA Swimming Rules it states “USA Swimming Rules and
Regulations apply to open water competition unless specifically indicated otherwise in part 7.” In
practice, this means that all rules and regulations that the Referee is already familiar with from the
pool-side also apply to Open Water events.
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The Referee must be consistent and fair in the application of the Rules. The Referee must apply the
Rules as written. Swimmers can only be disqualified for Rule infractions that are personally observed
by the Referee or reported by Officials so authorized by the Rules. Where there is any doubt as to the
infraction – the benefit of the doubt always goes to the swimmer.
2.2 Preparation for an Event
Realize that each event is different. Each venue is unique. One of the largest differences between
being the Referee at a pool event and an Open Water event is the venue. Even if a Referee has
never been at a given pool, there are certain constants....or near constants – water quality, course
length, mechanical equipment (blocks, lane lines, backstroke flags, timing equipment) that are
expected. That simply is not the case in Open Water swimming events. Even events that are run
consecutively at the same venue year after year can be affected by different weather conditions,
different numbers of entered athletes, and different composition of support personnel.
As Open Water Referees build experience through participation in a number of events, they can
develop the ability to quickly analyze and develop possible solutions during the planning and
preparation of an event.
After being assigned or volunteering to work an event, the Referee should request a meeting with the
Organizing Committee’s Meet Director, the Course Officer and Safety Officer at the venue. This will
enable the group to inspect the venue noting any possible observable hazards and determine/confirm
the layout of the course.
The Referee should confirm that the following key milestones have been completed:
2.2.1 Course
1. Obtain written approval for the use of the venue from the owner or the responsible
governmental agency.
2. Obtain all necessary permits to stage the event (i.e., Coast Guard, County, State or private
property owner’s permission).
3. Notify the commercial operators of the event if the venue has commercial operations on the
water.
4. Give prior notification to the local Lifeguard, rescue service, police, fire, etc. Ensure that
these organizations know the date and time of the event and the anticipated start and finish
time.
5. Ensure that the prospective course layout measurement conforms to what is required for the
events.
6. Confirm the course set up with the Course Officer the logistics for the course to be set.
7. Confirm use of a GPS device (if available) for accurate course measurement.
8. Confirm availability of buoys or course turn-point indicators with appropriate lines and
anchors.
9. Confirm availability of a pump for buoy inflation and reinflation.
10. Confirm availability of a thermometer
11. Confirm provisions for a Finish structure or identification of the finish point.
12. Confirm availability of Red and Yellow hand held flags and whiteboard and markers.
13. Confirm availability of sufficient non-powered safety escort craft with paddlers.
14. Confirm availability of a sufficient number of powered water craft for safety personnel.
15. Confirm the availability of number of a sufficient powered water craft for officials and other
event support personnel.
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2.2.2 Landside Support
1. Confirm attendance of medical support in accordance with the sanction requirements. (Ocean
Rescue, Lifeguard, EMT).
2. Confirm availability of a sufficient number of powered watercraft for use by the Referee,
Assistant Referees and Emergency Personnel.
3. Secure arrangements for Boat Captains for each watercraft.
4. Secure arrangements for lead craft (if required) – depending on course configuration.
5. Confirm provisions for Safety Escort Craft and Officials boats – water, food, horns, white
boards etc.
6. Confirm if personal escort craft are required (required for most events greater than 10km) on
escorted swim.
7. Confirm location and sufficient space for registration area, swimmers/handlers briefing area,
awards presentation area.
8. Check the security plan for Officials/Volunteers’ possessions before/during/after competition.
9. Check the security plan for athletes’ possessions (if this service is offered).
10. Confirm availability, type and need for restricted areas for Timers, Finish Judges, and
Recorders.
11. Confirm availability of a restricted Medical Support area. Ensure that there is unimpeded
access for emergency support personnel to this area. Ensure that the host provides spare
blankets, space blankets, heaters and fluids if anticipated due to the conditions expected on
race day.
12. Confirm availability of electrical power or a generator as needed for computers, printers,
pumps, heaters etc.
13. Ensure availability of and a suitable location for all Meet Management Equipment during the
event.
14. Confirm availability of a work area for the Administrative Referee and Assistants. Ensure that
appropriate supplies (as needed) are available (i.e., copy paper, staples, paper weights,
spikes, tape, pencils, large black waterproof markers or other numbering devices,
stopwatches with built-in printers, spare batteries and printer paper).
15. Confirm an appropriate number of medals/awards/trophies.
16. Confirm availability of programs and Start Lists (issue to the Officials and Volunteers before
start time).
17. Confirm availability of tables and chairs for the Officials and other volunteers.
18. Confirm availability of an adequate number of communication devices for Referees, Safety
Personnel, Administrative Referee, Meet Director, and Medical Personnel.
19. Confirm availability of suitable post-race refreshments for all volunteers and swimmers.
2.2.3 The Venue - Race Day
On the race day, well before the start of the race, perform a general walk through to ensure that the
meet host has complied with the agreed upon setup. The Referee should specifically ask the Meet
Director if the event plan has changed. If there are changes, the Meet Manager should explain and
the Referee should judge if these changes are acceptable. The Referee should also determine if any
pre-planned items need to be changed due to changes in the actual conditions (course modification,
shortening, etc.) The following should be checked and verified:
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1. Check the course layout. Pay careful attention to buoy placement and anchoring at
turn points, start and finish areas. Look for hazards such as shallow water, weeds
and reeds, submerged trees and other obstructions, ingress and egress points for
water flow, waves or surf, etc.
2. Check for obvious wildlife hazards. This would include jellyfish, Portuguese man o
war or sharks.
3. Check designated areas for registration, briefings, first aid/medical, recorders, timers
and finish judges.
4. Check the finish apparatus.
5. Check ingress and egress for swimmers (start and finish areas).
6. Check the security plan for Officials/Volunteers’ possessions.
7. Check the security plan for athlete’s possessions (if that service is offered)
8. Check the Course Plan based the actual observations of the course. If possible, go
on a boat along the entire course. Is the course easy to understand for the
perspective of the swimmer? There should be a large view general course display (a
white board might be used for this purpose) and there should be small (single page)
course plans for swimmers, Handlers and all volunteers.
9. Check communication equipment.
10. Check emergency evacuation procedure and emergency support contact.
11. Confirm jurisdictional responsibilities. The Referee is one person responsible for
swimmer safety and the successful conduct of the meet.
Many items may change due to the dynamic conditions that frequently occur in open water events.
The Referee should plan on being at the venue early in order to observe the course setup. There are
many instances where something looks acceptable on paper, but may be unacceptable on race day.
Frequently, there are situations where adjustments to the race plan will have to be made the day of
the event due to water conditions, weather conditions or equipment availability. The open water
Referee should be flexible and prepared to execute alternate plans. It is essential that the athletes,
coaches, officials and other volunteers are notified of all pertinent changes to the Event Plan through
pre-race briefings.
2.3 Supporting Officials and Other Volunteers
2.3.1 Required Officials
The following Officials should be assigned to all Open Water events:
Referee
Assistant Referee(s)
Chief Timer and additional Timers
Chief Finish Judge and additional
Finish Judges
Chief Recorder plus Recorders
Starter
Clerk of the Course
Race Judges
Turn Judges (1 per alteration of course)
Course Officer
Medical Officer
Safety Officer
Announcer
Administrative Referee
Independent Safety Monitor #
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# The Independent Safety Monitor is not an official, but it is a required position in order to obtain a
USA Swimming sanction. In Open Water events, some officials frequently serve in multiple non-
overlapping positions. However some officials assigned certain key safety related positions may not
be assigned or accept additional responsibilities beyond their assigned position.
Examples of allowable overlapping official’s assignments:
1. Starter - During the pre-race the Starter may be assigned to work with registration and check-
in. After the race start the starter may work as an Assistant Referee or be assigned to work
as a Finish Judge, Timing Judge or Turn Judge.
2. Turn Judges – Pre-Race – Assist with registration and check in or course setup.
The Referee should work to ensure that all volunteers are fully utilized in event preparation –
delegate.
2.3.2 Official’s Preparation
All Officials should be prepared for all anticipated and unanticipated weather. Suitable clothing/gear
that provides protection from the elements should be worn. Officials should plan on being self-
sufficient at the venue. All officials should plan on getting wet. Sun screen should also be brought by
Officials. Consider bringing food and water, beach chairs, umbrellas or any other gear which might
be appropriate depending the venue and on assigned position.
3. Referee - Duties and Responsibilities
The duties and powers of the Referee are set out in USA Swimming Rules 102 and 701. It is
important for the Referee to understand the meaning and application of these rules as it applies to the
mission of ensuring a safe, fair event for all participants.
3.1 Referee – an All-encompassing Responsibility
The responsibilities of the Referee should sound familiar as they are similar in scope to the Referee’s
responsibilities in pool events.
The Referee “Shall have full control and authority over all officials and shall assign and instruct the
other officials; of which is not otherwise assigned by said rules; can overrule any meet official on a
point of rule interpretation; or on a judgement decision pertaining to an action which the Referee
personally observed.”
The rule is very specific - it says “shall enforce…” The Referee must take decisive action where
infractions are reported by other officials or those infractions which are personally observed by the
Referee. With that said, the Referee must be extremely vigilant in the understanding and application
of the rules. In open water events, the penalty for violations of the rules may include immediate
disqualification from an event (i.e., the athlete is immediately pulled from the water or asked to leave
the field of plan as soon as possible). In open water swimming, disqualified swimmers must
immediately leave the course upon receiving a red card. In most cases (the exception being
disqualifiable infractions which occur immediately prior to the finish of a race) the swimmers never
finish the race. Unlike pool events where an incorrect call can be overturned and the swimmers
achieved time reinstated, once open water swimmers are disqualified, they no longer have the
opportunity to finish the race. CONSISTENT WITH POOL SWIMMING EVENT OFFICIATING – THE
SWIMMER SHOULD ALWAYS BE GIVEN THE BENEFIT OF THE DOUBT. With that said, it is the
Referee’s duty and obligation to apply the rules as written. It would be unfair to all competitors who
are swimming an event legally, to not enforce the rules.
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The open water Referee must take additional care during the preparation phase of the open water
event to ensure that the venue, course and meet processes and procedures are in compliance with
the rules. The preparation phase may begin months before the event. Close coordination with the
meet’s Local Organizing Committee and Meet Director will ensure that there are no last-minute “show
stopping” issues arise that could have been preventable with sufficient prior planning.
3.1.2 Race Day
With the pre-event planning completed, the Referee should concentrate on the race-day execution of
the event. The Referee should arrive at the venue a sufficient time prior to the start of the race. What
is sufficient time? Two hours should be sufficient, although the earlier is generally the better
especially if the turn buoys are set on race day The Referee needs to be on site as a resource for the
meet host and other officials as final preparations are completed prior to the start of the race.
3.1.3 Race Day Decisions
What kinds of decisions might the Referee have to make?
1. Course layout modification due to rough water conditions, climatic conditions, extreme
water temperatures or marine life
2. Course distance changes due to water or weather conditions, pollution, marine life or
extreme water temperatures.
3. Start/Finish/Feed Station position modification due to surf or other conditions.
4. Start time postponement due to weather or water conditions or marine life.
5. Race cancellation due to unforeseen weather, water, course considerations or marine life.
All of the decisions above can be difficult to make and even more difficult to execute. Local experts
and your fellow officials should be consulted when evaluating changes to an event that may be
required on race-day. As with pool events, the fewer changes made to an event – the better – but
make ALL changes dictated by safety.
3.2 Open Water Support Craft
In most Open Water races, the Referees, Turn Judges, Safety Officer, Course Officer, etc. will be
transported around the race course on some sort of vessel. The size and style of the boat may vary
due to factors such as vessel availability, number of passengers, manoeuvrability requirements and
capabilities, etc. It is very important that the passengers (including Referees) understand the
characteristics of the boat as well as the abilities of the Captain.
The Referee should work with the LOC to identify the support craft requirements for the race. An
agreement should be reached as to how many vessels will be allocated to each requirement. Prior to
the race, the LOC and Referee should conduct a mandatory pre-race briefing with all boat Captains. If
possible, a pre-race briefing should also be conducted for all safety personnel and volunteers on the
water. An example of the pre-race briefing is included in the Appendix of this manual. It is very
important that each Captain understands that they are responsible for the safe operation of their boat.
The occupants of the craft should make requests of the Captain for maneuvers, and the Captain
should comply provided the manoeuvre can be completed safely.
3.2.1 General Characteristics of Open Water Support Craft
1. Referee / Assistant Referee Boat – Good manoeuvrability. Enough speed to be able to
move between packs during the race. Clean running engine that does not produce excessive
unburned exhaust gasses. The boat should be capable of carrying the Captain, Referee,
Assistant to the Referee and any other personnel assigned to the boat.
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2. Turn Judge Boat – Depending on the course, Turn Judge Boats may either be anchored or
moving on the course. If the boat will be moving, the boat should have good manoeuvrability.
If it will be a moving boat, it should have a clean running engine that does not produce
excessive unburned exhaust gas. There may be situations where Turn Judge Boats are
towed into position and anchored. In this case a Captain may not be required. The boat
should be capable of carrying the Captain (if one is used) and one or more Turn Judges.
3. Course Officer Boat – This boat should be fast and manoeuvrable. It should be capable of
carrying turn buoys, anchors and any other equipment required for the maintenance of the
race course. It should be fast enough to be able to respond to course related issues (buoys
that break free, unwanted vessels straying into the course, debris removal) should they arise
during a race.
4. Safety Support Boats – The number and type of safety support craft will vary with the body
of water, the condition of the water, size of the course, etc. Often a “mix” of vessels is
appropriate. Examples of vessels are: Paddle boards, Kayaks, John Boats, Jet Skis, other
miscellaneous boats. In all cases there should be at least one boat identified as a fast
reaction safety boat for emergencies and another boat identified as its backup. NOTE: Each
and every on-course support vessel should be prepared to act as a first responder in the
event of an emergency. This includes the Referee, Turn Judge and Course Officer boats.
5. Lead Craft: On courses where there are a significant distance between turn buoys and there
are not sufficient intermediate or guide buoys to provide constant sighting for the swimmers,
a lead craft may be assigned. The lead craft should be positioned twenty to thirty meters
ahead of the leading swimmer to provide a visible guide for the swimmers on the most direct
line between the buoys on the course. Small motorized craft or stand-up paddlers are
examples of suitable lead craft. Kayaks and canoes may also be used. Be aware that it may
be difficult for a kayaker to judge the distance of the swimmers directly behind them. It can
also be difficult for a kayak to keep the direct course between two buoys. The Referee should
be prepared to give direction to the lead craft regarding their positioning and navigation. If
there are multiple events being conducted on the same course, multiple lead craft should be
used.
3.3 Briefings to Swimmers, Coaches and Handlers
There are two main types of briefings for athletes, coaches, officials and handlers.
1. Technical Meeting
2. Referees Final Race Instructions
The content of both meetings is generally the same. The difference in the briefings is that the
Referees final instructions specifically highlights changes to the event plan as well as changes to what
has been previously briefed.
3.3.1 Technical Meeting
The Technical Meeting may be held the day prior to the event or on race day. If the technical meeting
is held race day, it should be held early on in the race day time line so that the event participants are
familiar with the processes and procedures that will be used for the event. The Technical Meeting
does not need to be long. The Technical Meeting should include:
Normal Event Procedures
1. Introduction of Key Personnel
2. Timeline for the start
3. Condition Report – Water Temperature, Air Temperature, Surf, Chop, Current, Tides,
Water Quality, known sea-life. Known hazards and their marking. Possible additional
hazards
4. Course Description – Start, Turn Buoys, Guide Buoys, Feed Station, Finish Chute, Finish
Line.
5. Start Line, Start Signal, Start Procedure
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6. Finish Line, Finish Procedure, Post Event Procedure
7. Rules and Infractions – Whistles, Yellow Flag, Red Flag. Event Time Cutoff.
8. Summary of Normal Procedure Event Plan Changes – Review all changes made to the
event plan.
9. Awards Location and Time
10. Questions on Normal Event Procedures
Non-Normal Event Procedures
1. Withdrawal Procedures for individual swimmers. Swimmer’s name, number and reason
for withdrawal must be communicated to the Clerk of Course upon withdrawal.
2. Emergency Event Abandonment Signal and Procedures - 5 Blasts on an air horn or
whistle - followed by one long blast - repeated. Followed by an explanation on radio to all
safety personnel.
3. Water Safety Coordinator Briefing – Location, number, identification of water safety
personnel and craft. Signals – Athlete to safety personnel, between safety personnel.
a. Response Actions – Swimmer in distress – immediate action.
b. Response Actions – Swimmer evacuation from course.
c. Response Actions – Swimmer evacuation from venue.
d. Response Actions – Missing swimmer – search and recovery.
4. Summary of Non-Normal Procedure Event Plan Changes – Review all changes made to
the event plan.
5. Questions on Non-Normal Event Procedures.
3.4 Registration
Registration of swimmers usually starts one hour or more prior to the start of the first race. The
registration process includes the swimmers presenting themselves to the Clerk of Course, ensuring
all required waivers and other documentation are in order, receiving a race number and having that
race number applied to the swimmer body.
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While in the Clerk of Course area, the swimwear will be checked and the swimmers will also be
inspected for long or sharp fingernails and toenails, jewellery, etc.
At check in, the swimmers should be reminded not to apply sunscreen or grease to the areas which
will receive a competitor number. If the swimmer has already applied sunscreen or grease, it must be
cleaned off with alcohol swabs prior to numbering. There are a various techniques to remove the
sunscreen including use of rubbing alcohol or rubbing the skin with a tennis ball. The race
announcer should frequently alert the swimmers not to apply sunscreen or grease before getting their
numbers.
By rule, the swimmers competitor number will be applied as follows:
1. Vertically down each arm.
2. Horizontally across each shoulder
3. Horizontally across the back each hand (optional – recommended if a hand touch is being
used for finish and video cameras are being used for backup timing.)
4. Additional location (s) as directed by the Referee. An example of an additional location could
be the front of the thighs if an out of water finish is planned or on a swim cap if swim caps are
provided. Notation of a number of the swim cap is the easiest to see
If electronic timing systems (microchips or transponders) are used, the swimmers will have the chips
affixed to their wrists or ankles. The chips are normally attached using a plastic wristband or Velcro
that allows for the swimmer to choose how tightly they wish the wristband to be attached. Depending
on the type of wristband used, swimmers may use tape to ensure it remains affixed to the wrist.
3.5 – Athlete Final Check and Inventory
In each open water event, it is imperative that each swimmer is accounted for from the time they enter
the water until each swimmer has completed the event and is safe on shore. In small events, this can
be done by manually checking off each swimmer by competitor number as they enter the water. In
larger events, this can be accomplished by issuing each swimmer a “Race Ticket” during the
registration process or be walking through a corral where each swimmer’s microchip can be registered
automatically via a race timing system.
This ticket is then turned in to the administrative staff as each athlete enters the water. No swimmer
enters the water unless they turn in a race ticket. Race tickets can be made quickly and efficiently by
using a mail merge program. Example of a Race Ticket:
As an additional level of athlete accountability, swimmers should be video-taped prior to entering the
water by a volunteer. This video record of each swimmer can be useful in a number of ways.
1. If a swimmer is missing in an event, this is a backup method to verify that the swimmer
actually entered the water at the start of the competition.
10K National
Championships
& National Team
Trials
ROBERT SMITH
18
M 26
Clovis Swim Club-CC
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2. Documents the swimwear that the swimmer was wearing when the race began. Occasionally,
this video has been helpful determining the order of finish at the end of a race. There are
times when the electronic timing or microchip fails and the finish judges may be unsure or
miss a race number or athlete’s time at the finish. Sometimes that missing swimmer can be
found in the finish video and matched with the pre-start video as well as assign an official time.
4 The Race
4.1 The Start
The Referee and the Starter control the start of the race. Open water rules provide that races may be
started from within the water, from the beach, or from a fixed platform.
While race preparations are continuing, the announcer gives periodic announcements regarding the
time remaining to key milestones running up to the start (See Appendix). During the last five minutes
prior to the start, warnings at one-minute intervals should be given. For in-water start scenarios,
swimmers may have to swim out to the start area and will be in the water during the final minutes
prior to a race. If the swimmers cannot hear the count-down announcements, the Starter can display
signage indicating the number of minutes left prior to the start.
Open Water events can start with swimmers treading water, standing on the bottom, running from a
beach, or diving from a fixed or floating platform. Beach starts are permissible in non-National
Championship events.
When the number of swimmers dictates (Groups of @40-60 swimmers) the start may be segregated
into the Men’s and Women’s competition or by age group. The Men’s event always starts before the
Women’s event with a stagger in the start time that is appropriate for the course configuration. Events
may also be segregated by age group. It is also recommended that the age groups be swum fastest
to slowest – normally oldest to youngest.
The start line shall be clearly defined by either overhead apparatus or by removable equipment at
water level (normally a rope) or an imaginary line between two buoys or the shore and a buoy or
other fixed object.
The use of a rope has become a popular start line option as it ensures that all swimmers start from a
given straight line. Usually the line is stretched between two points and the swimmer line up on the
“swimming side” of the line. The swimmers must hold the line with one hand. When the start signal
is given, the swimmer let go of the line and begin the race. Careful consideration must be given to
ensure that the angle of the start line is perpendicular to the course line to the first turn buoy – there
should not be any “favoured” end of the start line. One end of a line would be considered favoured if
it is closer to the first turn buoy than the other end of the line.
When all swimmers are in the starting area (in the water or on land) and at the scheduled start time,
the referee alerts the swimmers that the Start is imminent by a series of short whistle blasts and holds
a red hand held flag vertically overhead. When the Referee feels that the field is ready for the start,
he points his red flag to the Starter. Depending on the conditions (e.g., high surf, strong currents), the
Referee may start sooner – or later – than the scheduled time.
The Starter must be positioned to be clearly visible to all swimmers. In the morning or afternoon,
consideration should be given as to the location of the sun. The starter should be positioned so that
the sun is behind the swimmers – not the starter. The Starter uses a Yellow or White flag and an
audible sounding device (air horn, starting pistol, etc.) to start the race. When the Referee signals
that he is ready for the Starter to start the race, he points his red flag towards the Starter. The Starter
raises his flag overhead and if the field is stationary, the Starter simultaneously brings down the flag
and sounds the starting device.
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Normally no voice commands are given to the swimmers. However, if the swimmers are being started
from a fixed platform, standard pool whistle commands and verbal start commands are used.
Starters in open water events work with much larger fields that in pool swimming. There will be much
more motion by the swimmers immediately prior to the start of the race, particularly if there are waves
or surface chop or currents. The Starter must distinguish this motion due to wind, waves, platform
movement from swimmers trying to gain a tactical advantage or actually starting before the start
signal.
In the event of a false start on the entire field, whistles and air horns should be blown until all
swimmers have stopped swimming. The maneuvering any type of vessel in front of swimmer
should NEVER be attempted due to the possibility of serious injury of the swimmer. This
method of start and recall should be covered by the Referee in the pre-race briefing.
4.1.1 False Starts
Open water swimming rules provide that a swimmer may either be given a Yellow Flag or Red Flag
for a false start infraction. In practice, how is this rule applied? In practical application, it would be
very difficult and disruptive to the other competitors to recall an open water event.
1. If the Starter observes a swimmer starting before the signal, the race should not be
started. The swimmer should be approached and told to return to the start and should be
assessed a Yellow Flag for a false start. If the swimmer refuses to return to the start, the
swimmer should be assessed a Red Flag disqualification for a False Start.
2. If the Starter and Referee observe a swimmer starting before the signal and the race is
subsequently started, they should independently record their observations. If their
observations of a false start agree, the Referee should assess a Yellow Flag infraction to
the swimmer (s) who committed the false start.
3. Note: In many cases, all the swimmers will not start exactly at the same time. Some
swimmers may start swimming slightly before the others. Unless there is a significantly
unfair advantage, there is no need to call back the field.
4.2 After the Start - Working the Pack(s)
The Referee should position his craft so as to observe the swimmers from a reasonably close
distance. How close? – The answer to that question depends on many factors including:
1. Manoeuvrability of the craft and competency of the Captain of that craft. The Referee should
determine the positioning of the craft based on his desires – balanced by the responsibility of
the Captain to operate the vessel safely. Always keep the safety of the swimmers
paramount. Consultation with the Captain is important
2. Activity within the pack of swimmers. If the swimmers are not swimming in close proximity to
each other, there is no benefit to the Referee to having the craft right on top of the swimmers.
Standing off from the swimmers can indirectly signal them that the Referee is satisfied with
their relative positioning. Conversely, bringing the craft closer to a pack of swimmers
indirectly signals them that the Referee is watching very closely for possible contact
infractions.
4.2.1 Referee Boat Positioning
Where should the Referee position the craft around the pack of swimmers? The answer to this
question is dependent on a number of factors.
1. The number of other Assistant Referee boats on course.
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2. The composition and structure of the pack of swimmers.
3. Wind, wave and weather conditions.
4. Lighting conditions – glare and sun position.
5. Boat exhaust considerations.
Refer to the appendix for a visual description of recommended Referee boat positioning.
In a large, well-staffed open water event, it is not uncommon for 4 Referees to be assigned to a race
depending on course configuration. Each Referee will be assigned to an individual boat and will be
normally be identified as R1, R2, R3, R4. The Meet Referee usually occupies position R1. Typically,
a Head Referee will make general jurisdictional assignments such as:
1. At the start of the race the Head Referee (R1) will work with the Starter to start the race.
Immediately after the start, R1 will be positioned on one side of the lead portion of the pack of
swimmers. The second Referee (R2) will be positioned opposite R1 at the lead portion of the
pack of swimmers. The third Referee (R3) will be positioned behind R1 and the fourth
Referee (R4) will be positioned behind R2.
2. R3 and R4 trail the main pack until secondary packs form. When those packs form, R3 and
R4 take up positions on opposite sides of those secondary packs.
3. As additional packs form, either towards the front or towards the back, the Referees decide
how to position themselves in order to monitor all the packs.
4. If a small group (2-4) of swimmers breaks away from the front of the lead pack, R1 will usually
monitor that lead group and R2 will monitor the second pack.
5. If a solo swimmer breaks away from the front of the pack, that swimmer will be monitored by
R1. R2 will monitor following packs.
6. If small numbers of swimmers (1-3) are dropped from tertiary packs, they are usually
monitored from a distance. Water safety personnel can be notified to monitor the separated
groups if the Referees cannot closely monitor all the packs/swimmers. Individual water safety
boats or kayaks may be assigned to monitor “Tail End Charlie”.
7. If a swimmer attempts to cross the gap from one pack to another, the appropriate Referee
should notify the gaining packs Referee of the swimmer approaching the new pack.
The Referee should request the Captain to station the boat so as to view the assigned swimmers
from a relatively close range. The boat should not be so closely positioned so as to be distracting or
even interfering with the swimmers. The boat should also not be so close as to be a danger to the
swimmers should they change directions quickly or water conditions unexpectedly or suddenly move
the swimmers or boat.
Other considerations regarding on-course vessel operation:
1. Avoid crossing in front of individual or packs of swimmers.
2. Boats with excessive exhaust plumes should be swapped out with other course vessels
whenever possible. Should that not be an option, vessels with offensive exhaust plumes
should be operated down-wind of the athletes at all times.
3. Captains and Referees should be in constant communications regarding vessel positioning.
They should plan for course changes well in advance of needed manoeuvres so that they can
be safely accomplished.
4. Mechanical breakdowns occur. The Meet Referee should plan in advance for contingencies
prior to and during the race.
4.3 Preventative Officiating
Just as in pool officiating, the Referee is observing the swimmers rather than closely inspecting the
swimmers. With that said, the Referee can give subtle signals to the swimmers by the positioning of
the boat and his demeanour during the race.
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Example: If swimmers are not swimming in very close proximity, more than a body length, and there
is little chance of illegal contact between the swimmers, then the Referees positioning does not need
to be very close to the group of swimmers. In fact, standing off from the swimmers a bit can signal to
the swimmers that the Referee is happy with the current conduct of the race.
Conversely, if the Referee observes these same swimmers starting to close the distance to a point
where they start coming into unintentional contact with each other, the Referee may move to closer to
the group of swimmers. This movement closer to the swimmers sends a signal that the Referee is
more closely observing the activities of the pack, especially as the Referee stands and points at some
swimmers. The swimmers know when they getting close to an interference situation. The Referee
can also signal concern with activity in the pack by body language – placing his whistle in the mouth –
perhaps pointing and or signalling with his arms for a specific area of a pack to move apart. The goal
should be preventative officiating. Attempt to keep swimmers from being in a position where they
may need to be given a Yellow Flag or Red Flag.
Swimming in close proximity is an integral part of open water swimming. It is not uncommon for
swimmers to be in occasional contact with other swimmers. When it is observed that swimmers are in
almost constant contact – virtually every stroke, some action should be taken.
If two or more swimmers are in near constant contact, or one or more swimmers are in danger of
being interfered with by the actions of other swimmers, those swimmers should be signalled to move
apart. The Referee should have his boat positioned so that the swimmers being signalled and can
see the visual signals. This position should be about a 60 degree angle behind the swimmers in
question. The Referee may need to move down to the water level so that the swimmers can observe
the signal. The Referee should blow a series of short, crisp whistles while signalling with his arms to
move apart. The Referee should repeat the signals so that the swimmers have the opportunity to
understand the signal. Swimmers who are breathing to the opposite side may be signalled by
another Referee boat if necessary or possible. However, it is the responsibility of the swimmers to
acknowledge the Referee’s actions, it is not the responsibility of the Referee to move the boat in a
different position to give warnings or a Yellow/Red Flag to the swimmer committing the infraction. If
the swimmers do not respond to the signal, and continue actions that cause interference then a
Yellow Flag or Red Flag infraction may need to be signalled.
4.4 Infractions
Any infraction of the rules will be signalled with a Yellow Flag or a Red Flag.
4.4.1 Yellow Flag
The Yellow Flag is used for signalling minor infractions including:
1. False Start – A swimmer who gains an unfair advantage at the start will be assessed a
yellow flag infraction. The rules also provide for the Referee to assess a red flag
disqualification if the situation warrants. Refer to the section on starts for discussion of this
subject.
2. Intentional contact: with another swimmer that is unsporting in nature – first offense. This
would include intentionally pulling on ankles, shoulders, etc. This can also include
intentionally altering course to contact another swimmer or pushing down on a swimmer’s
shoulders, back or legs. Generally speaking, the swimmer in the lead or in front has the right
of way. Swimmers who wish to overtake another swimmer must remain clear of the swimmer
being overtaken. With that said, swimmers who abruptly change course to interfere with an
overtaking swimmer can be charged with a yellow flag infraction.
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4.4.2 Red Flag
The Red Flag signals the immediate disqualification of the swimmer. The swimmer must leave the
course immediately. The Red Flag is given for the following infractions.
1. A swimmer who accumulates any two Yellow Flag infractions will be assessed a Red Flag, a
disqualification.
2. Failing to swim the prescribed course. Swimmers who miss a buoy and fail to return and re-
round that buoy shall be disqualified. In the pre-race instructions, it is extremely important
that all competitors know which buoys are designated at turn buoys (have a required direction
of passage) and which are guide buoys (no required direction of passage.)
3. Unsporting Conduct - Unsporting conduct may include striking another swimmer with a hand,
fist, elbow, knee or foot, or retaliating for intentional or unintentional contact. It can also
include pulling back another swimmer by grabbing a foot, ankle, leg, hand, arm or swimsuit.
Intentional contact which interferes with another swimmer as they approach a feeding station
or the finish of a race can be deemed unsporting conduct.
4. Springing from or walking on the bottom – Open water events are freestyle events. Freestyle
rules permit swimmers to stand on the bottom unless it is a beach or onshore finish; however
they may not walk on the bottom or spring from the bottom when they resume swimming.
5. Pulling on the cables - Contact with buoy cables while turning is not grounds for
disqualification. Grabbing cables and moving the cable out of the way so as to receive a
competitive advantage may be grounds for disqualification. Pulling on underwater buoy
cables as a method of propulsion is grounds for disqualification.
6. Taking support from a fixed or floating object. Swimmers who intentionally use a buoy,
support craft, dock, feed station, feed pole, debris or other object for support during the races
should be disqualified. Unintentional contact with an object or contact with an object to
prevent an unsafe condition is never grounds for disqualification.
7. Intentional contact with a support craft or support craft personnel or intentional contact with
feed station personnel. Incidental and unintentional contact with a support craft or crew is
never grounds for disqualification.
In all Yellow Flag and Red Flag infraction situations, the Referee should instruct his assistant to
carefully document the details of the infraction in writing. While continuing to observe the race, the
Referee should instruct the assistant to prepare a white board with the swimmers number clearly
written and to prepare the appropriate flag for display. When ready, the Referee should signal the
swimmer with a series of short-crisp whistles and display the signage and flag to the swimmer. The
Referee should direct the boat be positioned at approximately a 60 degree angle to the side and
behind the offending swimmer. The signage and flag should be displayed a relatively close to water
level so the swimmer has the opportunity to see the signage. The flag and signage should remain
displayed for a sufficient time (at least 1 minute) or until the swimmer has the opportunity to observe
the Yellow or Red Flag. For a Yellow Flag infraction, there is no requirement for the swimmer to
acknowledge the infraction. If a swimmer stops swimming to question the infraction, the Referee may
tell the swimmer what rule was violated, but swimmers rarely stop and ask for clarification.
Once the infraction has been signalled to the swimmer, the Referee or the Assistant to the Referee
should relay the following details of the infraction to the Administrative Referee or Clerk of Course via
radio or mobile communications.
1. Competitor’s Number
2. Type of Infraction (yellow or red)
3. Time of Infraction (e.g., either time of day or elapsed time from start)
4. Location of the Infraction (e.g., at the 1-mile mark or around turn buoy #2)
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5. Description of Infraction (e.g., pulling back on legs, repeated hitting of feet)
4.3 Judging Contact
One of the most difficult judgement decisions that a Referee has to make is regarding contact
between swimmers. Due to the nature of open water swimming, many swimmers will purposefully
swim in close proximity to each other. Swimmers swim closely for several reasons. 1. To maintain
“contact” with individuals or groups of swimmers they wish to keep track of during the event. 2. To
counter surges or attacks made by leading or trailing swimmers. 3. To take advantage of drafting the
lead swimmers and movement of the water created by leading swimmers.
Due to the dynamic nature of the venue, swimmers may be forced into contact by oncoming waves or
lateral currents or, frankly, just plain old swimming crookedly. In some cases, swimmers may
intentionally or unintentionally swim so closely to another swimmer that contact situations are created.
Whether the contact was initiated intentionally or unintentionally, these situations dictate the Open
Water Referee must take decisive action.
4.4 Right of Way
In general terms, the leading swimmer has the right of way. Trailing swimmers must not interfere with
the leading swimmer when attempting any manoeuvre to overtake the leader. Interference can range
from the hand frequently coming into contact with some part of the other swimmer’s body (e.g., feet,
legs, hips, lower back, shoulders, arms or hands), to the trailing swimmer grabbing some part of the
lead swimmers body or swimwear. Although the leading swimmer has the right of way, it would not be
appropriate to allow the leading swimmer to abruptly change course to keep a swimmer attempting to
pass. This veering is intentional interference. The Referee must discern between unintentional
contact, and intentional contact.
4.5 Where Contact Becomes Illegal
During the race, the Referee may observe two or more swimmers swimming in unusually close
proximity. What the Referee observes at that moment may be totally legal; however the Referee
should consider signalling the swimmers to move apart to create some separation as a form of
preventative officiating. Swimming in extremely close proximity can quickly evolve into two or more
swimmers becoming slightly or severely tangled up. These swimmers can significantly slow up which
in turn can cause a pile-up of trailing swimmers or it can escalate into something more dramatic. In
addition, illegal contact may ensue as the swimmers untangle and resume swimming. These
swimmers may interfere with those swimmers trailing behind them. Swimmers who get severely
tangled up (to the point that they almost come to a stop) should be permitted to untangle and resume
swimming. No infraction should be assessed PROVIDED that no additional contact occurred during
the separation. Example: Two swimmers were swimming in close proximity and their strokes were
synchronized without interference. At some later point their arms lose synchronization and became
entangled (to this point no infraction occurred). As the swimmers untangled themselves, one
swimmer placed a hand on the other swimmers shoulder and pushes off to create separation. The
swimmer who pushed off has committed contact and should be penalized with a Yellow Flag
infraction.
Occasionally, swimmers in a pack choose to change their position within the pack. One of the more
dramatic moves is called a crossover move. This crossover occurs when a swimmer trailing another
on one side of the leading swimmer chooses to change their position to the other side of the
swimmer. One option this swimmer would have would be to slow down, drop behind and speed up to
reposition by passing behind the leading swimmer. There are times when there is insufficient space
due to other trailing swimmers to pass behind. The most basic crossover move is initiated by the
trailing swimmer who swims across and over the legs of the leading swimmer, which often results in
disturbing the stroke of the leading swimmer. A more elegant crossover manoeuvre is initiated by the
trailing swimmer by performing a continuous roll over the legs or of the leading swimmer and
resuming swimming on the other side. If performed skilfully, this manoeuvre can be performed
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without interfering with the leading swimmer. There are several conditions which may cause illegal
interference by the trailing swimmer. These include: 1. The body positioning and momentum that the
trailing swimmer caries through the manoeuvre – if the swimmer slows down or performs the
manoeuvre slowly, their body position may start to become more vertical which will cause excessive
contact with the leading swimmer. 2. The relative position of the trailing swimmer relative to the lead
swimmer. Generally speaking, if the shoulder position of the trailing swimmer is forward of the
leading swimmers hips, excessive contact is likely to occur. As the relative position of the shoulders
moves further down the body of the lead swimmer, the chances of a crossover being performed
legally improves – especially if the crossover move is performed by the trailing swimmer rolling over
on his/her back while crossing over the legs of the leading swimmer.
Often times, the Referee may observe the aftermath of physical contact without observing the contact
itself. The Referee may hear grunts, groans and muffled shouts from athletes who have been victims
of unseen contact. The Referee may also visually witness the post contact injuries – bloody noses,
scratches, lost caps and goggles, etc. Unless the Referee actually observes the contact and
determines that the contact impeded the progress of other athletes, the Referee should not penalize a
swimmer.
4.6 Unsporting Conduct
There are rare occasions where a swimmer may commit an unsporting conduct infraction. Unsporting
conduct can range from intentional and exceptionally severe physical contact such as intentionally
striking, elbowing or kicking another swimmer to an unintentional impeding that is unfair to other
swimmers. Unsporting conduct may also include interference with other swimmers approaching the
finish. Swimmers who are charged with unsporting conduct are assessed a Red Flag infraction and
are disqualified from the competition and must leave the course immediately.
5 Specific Rules for OW Swimming
5.1 Escorted and Unescorted Swims
There are two broad categories of open water swimming events: Escorted and Unescorted. Escorted
swims are when the swimmers are accompanied by support craft that are dedicated to their coaching,
care, feeding and safety. Unescorted swims are when the swimmers swim the assigned course
without dedicated aide and rely on mutual support from host provided safety. In an unescorted swim,
feeding of athletes may be accomplished by a “feed station” where their coaches and handlers pass
liquid and food. Some events rely on mutual support feed stations where volunteers pass hydration or
food to the swimmers.
USA-Swimming rules require that the status of the race – Escorted or Unescorted – be declared in the
meet announcement. The reasons for this requirement are obvious. Significant planning goes into
swimmer’s preparation for a race. The coach and swimmer must plan for feeding during the race. If
the race is designated as escorted, the coach must secure an appropriate escort craft to support the
swimmer. If it is unescorted and a feed station is used, the coach or handler must be prepared with
the appropriate apparatus (normally a feed pole) to feed the swimmer.
5.2 Turning or Rounding Buoys/Objects
All swimmers must complete the designated course to finish the race. At each turn point or alteration
in the course a Turn Judge will be positioned to ensure that all swimmers complete the course as
described in the meet information and as described in the pre-race briefing. The Turn Judge will
ensure that his craft or platform does not obstruct a swimmer’s visibility of the turn and that it is
securely fixed in a position and not subject to tidal, wind or other movements.
If a swimmer fails to swim the designated course by not executing a turn in the prescribed manner,
then that swimmer has failed to finish the prescribed course. Unless the swimmer returns to the
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missed turn buoy, that swimmer will be disqualified (Red Flag) for failing to complete the prescribed
course.
There are limitless possibilities in potential course layouts. Buoys are usually described as
“Turn Buoys” – ones that must be rounded in a specific direction, or “Intermediate” or “Guide Buoys” –
ones that may be passed on either side.
When a course is described, each turn buoy would be described by which shoulder the buoys must
be passed. Example – on a rectangular course: “After the start swimmers will proceed 1100m down
course to the first orange turn buoy. Pass that buoy and all subsequent turn buoys using right
shoulder turns. Intermediate buoys may be passed on either side.”
A straightaway course might be described as follows. “There will be a beach start and beach finish.
All swimmers will line up behind a line in the sand. At the start signal, they will run to the water and
commence swimming to the first orange buoy @ 50m from shore. Pass that buoy using a right
shoulder turn. Swim parallel to the beach for 1 mile until reaching a second orange buoy. Pass that
buoy using a right shoulder turn. Swim to the beach. Run up the beach to the finish chute. The race
is over when a swimmer crosses the line at the end of the chute.”
Swimmers rounding a set of turn buoys
5.3 Feeding, Standing, Walking
It is common for swimmers to drink liquids or eat food during the race. In unescorted races 10K and
greater, the host should provide feeding locations or “Stations” at suitable intervals along the course.
The feed station locations should be planned such that the swimmers can be fed approximately every
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15-25 minutes. In escorted swims, the swimmer’s support craft is responsible for providing
sustenance for their swimmer.
Since open water races are Freestyle events, the swimmer can stand on the bottom during the race.
This includes the feed station if the water depth conditions permit. If the swimmer stands, they may
not walk, jump or push off the bottom when they resume swimming. Violations or this rule should
result in a Red Flag disqualification.
5.4 Use of devices to assist/support swimmers.
Open water rules prohibit receiving propulsive aid from anyone in boats or escort craft. The rules
also prohibit intentionally taking support from a fixed or floating object.
The practical applications of this rule include:
• A swimmer who reaches up to an escort craft and holds on during a feeding should be
disqualified (Red Flag).
• A swimmer who comes across a floating log and holds on to rest should be disqualified (Red
Flag).
• A swimmer who takes support from the feed station during a feeding should be disqualified
(Red Flag).
• A swimmer who reaches out to fend off an escort craft that has come too close due to safety
considerations should NOT be penalized.
• A swimmer who reaches out to keep from impacting a floating piece of debris should NOT be
penalized.
• A swimmer who reaches out and touches the feed station to protect themselves from being
pushed or washed into the station should NOT be penalized.
No swimmer is permitted to use or wear any device which may be an aid to their speed, endurance or
buoyancy. Open water swimmers must comply with the swimwear rules that are currently in effect.
Section 7 of the USA-S Rules allow for Wet Suit classifications in any non-championship event
provided that the classification was described in the meet information. Goggles, a maximum of two
(2) caps, nose clip and earplugs may also be used.
5.5 Withdrawal / Leaving the Water
During the course of the race, there may be swimmers who make the decision to withdraw from the
race. There are many factors that may cause a swimmer to withdraw including hypothermia,
hyperthermia, fatigue, injury, or simple unwillingness to continue. The pre-race instructions must
include directions to the swimmers and coaches regarding the withdrawal procedures.
All swimmers who withdraw from a race MUST immediately inform the Referee, Assistant Referee,
Clerk of Course, Administrative Referee or other staff when leaving the water. The Administrative
Referee should log the time and reason for the withdrawal. Race officials should ensure that all
swimmers withdrawing from a race receive appropriate care prior to being released from the event.
The Administrative Referee must always maintain an accurate count of the athletes on the course.
Keeping an accurate tally of withdrawals is an essential element of this task.
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6 The Finish
As the swimmers approach the finish, the timing judges and finish judges should assume their
assigned positions.
The Referee must carefully watch for contact or interference as the swimmers approach the finish.
Swimmers intentionally or unintentionally interfering with another swimmer approaching the finish
should be disqualified (Red Flag) for unsporting conduct. All swimmers have the right to an
unobstructed approach to the finish structure provided they comply with the concept of the “right of
way”.
The Referee should also watch the actual finish touches (where hand touches are used to finish the
race) being careful to note possible missed touches or other situations where review of finish video
should be conducted. If there is any possible dispute as to the order of finish, the Referee should
ensure that the results are not announced. The Referee should verbalize his finish observations to
the assistant who shall make a record of the observations. The Referee is ultimately responsible for
determining the order of finish using all available data – including personal observations.
7 Protests
In accordance with USA Swimming rules, a swimmer who receives a Red Flag (or Disqualification)
must immediately leave the course. For this swimmer, the race is over. For this reason, a Referee
must be ABSOLUTELY SURE that the swimmer committed an infraction, or a series of infractions
that meet the threshold to be Red Flagged from a race. Unlike pool races where swimmers who
commit infractions finish the race while being disqualified, and who subsequently have the right to
appeal the disqualification, in Open Water races an appeal is not possible because the swimmer
never gets the opportunity to finish the race.
Why is a Red Flagged swimmer required to leave the course immediately? The primary reason for a
swimmer being required to leave the course is that in Open Water races, the swimmers are
competing in a dynamic environment where close interaction and contact with each other is frequent
and expected. A Red Flagged swimmer could have significant and serious impact on the final results
of a race from which they have been disqualified. They can influence the result by subsequent
interference, drafting, or inflicting injury on another swimmer. It is imperative that they leave the
course immediately after being Red Flagged.
Protests are most frequently encountered prior to a race or post-race. Prior to a race, the protest may
be logged regarding:
• Eligibility of a swimmer to compete.
• Eligibility of a swimmer to represent an organization or team.
• Course setup
• Race procedures
• Etc.
After a race, protest may be logged regarding:
• Results, times, placements
• Interference or unsporting conduct during the race
Just as in pool events, the Head Referee should investigate the protest, make a ruling, and then be
prepared to convene an Eligibility Jury or Technical Jury should the protest resolution not be
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accepted by the petitioner. Rules regarding protests in Open Water events are identical to pool
events. Refer to the appropriate rule in Part 1 of the USA Swimming Rules and Regulations.
8 Duties of Assistant Referees (Water and Land Based)
On-Water Assistant Referees may be assigned to monitor specific groups of swimmers. When
Assistant Referees are assigned, they have full authority to enforce the rules to include giving warning
whistles, warning signals, Yellow Flags or Red Flags. The Head Referee will assign jurisdiction to
Assistant Referees at the beginning of a race and may adjust that jurisdiction as racing conditions
change during the event.
8.1 Briefings/Instructions to Officials
Prior to the each Open Water event the Referee should make officiating team assignments that best
utilize all officials available. The Referee should be cognizant of the responsibility to help the
professional development of each official. Each official should be consulted to determine
qualifications, experience, and requested assignment.
Prior to the event, each official should be briefed as to their assignment. The Referee should clearly
delineate the official’s responsibilities and brief the official of any unique requirements for the event.
On the day of the event, the Referee should hold a formal briefing for all officials to review the rules
and procedures that will be used for the races. Sufficient time should be allocated so that all officials
can then accomplish their pre-race responsibilities.
There will be occasions where pool officials with no open water experience are assigned to work an
event. Experienced pool officials can usually make a rapid transition to open water officiating if they
are briefed thoroughly on their new duties and responsibilities. Registration, Clerk of Course duties,
Timing Judge, Finish Judge, Turn Judges, Starters and Assistants to Referees are all appropriate
duties for pool officials transitioning to open water officiating.
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8.2 Other officials and their roles during the competition.
Small sailboat used as a lead craft – NOTE the distinctive flags signifying its status of a lead craft.
8.3 Escort Safety Craft
Escort Safety Craft should be utilized in almost all open water races. Events of 10K and less are
usually designated unescorted swims, however there are usually multiple dedicated escort safety
craft ready to provide rapid support should it be required by a swimmer or any individual on the water.
Every vessel on the course is a First Responder vessel in the event of an emergency. With that said,
the Referee boats are not considered primary safety vessels. A minimum of two dedicated safety
vessels should be assigned for every event. One is the primary vessel available to respond if
necessary. The second vessel is a backup should the primary vessel responds to an emergency or
breaks down of the primary safety vessel.
For unescorted swims, an appropriate number of safety craft must be available. The number of
safety craft should be determined by taking into consideration of:
• Course Configuration – distance from shore, length and shape of course
• Environmental considerations – water temperature, water conditions (smooth/rough) weather
conditions.
• Number of participants
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Note: The number of safety craft required can vary day to day - hour to hour on the same course. It is
prudent to over-estimate the number of safety craft needed for a given race. If a shortage of safety
craft is noted for the given conditions, consideration should be given to modifying the number of
allowable swimmers on course to maintain an appropriate ratio of swimmers/safety vessels for the
given conditions.
During races longer than 10K, individual swimmers will be escorted by their own boat. This escort
craft is given the responsibility to monitor the care and safety of their assigned swimmer. In an
escorted race, there may be mutual support craft assigned to the course. These vessels are there to
provide assistance to escort safety craft should their assigned swimmer need assistance exceeding
the capability of that craft.
Captains of all escort craft must be extremely vigilant when operating in close proximity to swimmers.
They must not only be aware of their swimmer, but also of other swimmers and vessels on the
course. Safety is paramount at all times.
If the meet host fails to provide the agreed upon number of safety vessels, OR if conditions
are such that more than the originally planned safety vessels are required, the competition
should not be started or shall be modified
8.4 Turn Judges
At each alteration of the course there should be a Turn Judge. The Turn Judge will ensure that his
craft or platform does not obstruct a swimmer’s visibility of the turn buoy. The Turn Judge will
personally observe that each swimmer executes a turn in the prescribed manner and reports any
infractions to the Referee by radio.
Where possible, the Turn Judge should record each swimmer by number who legally passes the
assigned turn. If a swimmer misses a turn buoy, that swimmers number must be forwarded to the
Referee. If the competitor number cannot be identified, but the swimmer is wearing a unique
cap/swimwear combination (example: bright orange cap and royal blue suit – and there are no other
swimmers in that group so attired), forward that exact information to the Referee along with the
violation observed. The Referee will use that description to identify the offending swimmer. If the
swimmer can be positively identified and the Referee is in position to inform the swimmer of the
infraction, then the swimmer can re-round the missed buoy. If not, the Referee shall disqualify the
swimmer. However, it is not the responsibility of the Referee to immediately inform the swimmer of
the missed buoy, especially if the Referee has other concerns or responsibilities at that time.
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The Turn Judge has to ensure that their craft or observation platform does not obstruct the swimmer’s
view of the turn point. Particular care must be taken to prevent their craft from drifting into the
swimmer’s course due to wind or currents.
8.5 Race Judges
During long-distance escorted swims, Race Judges may be assigned to each escort boat. These race
judges monitor the conduct of the swimmer continuously during the event. Assignment as a Race
Judge is made by random draw before the race. The Race Judge is assigned to a swimmer’s craft as
an “Observer”. The Race Judge is not there to be part of the crew or to assist the swimmer’s support
team in any way.
Race Judges perform the following tasks:
Personally observe the swimmer at all times during the race;
• Ensure that the Rules of the competition are complied with and any violations are recorded in
writing and are reported to the Referee at the earliest opportunity;
• Keep a complete record of any violations observed;
• Ensure that the swimmer or the escort craft does not interfere with another swimmer. The
Race Judge may advise the swimmer or the swimmer’s support staff to move away from
another competitor or another competitor’s craft. (any such intervention must be recorded and
Referee informed at the earliest possible time); and
• Have the power to order a swimmer from the water upon the expiration of any time limit or if
the swimmer is in danger or risk of involuntarily sinking or entering into severe cases of
hypothermia or hyperthermia if so ordered by the Referee or requested by his/her coach.
• Race Judges should be aware that many escort safety craft are small and have no toilet
facilities, so care should be taken with the quantities of fluids ingested prior to and during a
race.
9 Timing
There are many different methods that are acceptable for timing an Open Water race.
• Chip timing – one or more computer chips are worn by each swimmer.
• Manual Timing – three manual watches using the watch split function.
• Video Timing – sophisticated high-speed camera.
Sufficient Timers shall be assigned to time the race. One of the Timers shall be designated the Chief
Timer. Normally, a minimum of three Timers will be assigned. All watches (with or without built-in
printers) are started at the starting signal. As the swimmers complete the race, each timer uses the
split function of the watch to record finish times. The official time is determined using the same process
as manual timing in pool events.
The main differences between timing of an Open Water Swimming Event and a Pool Event are:
• Timers are not assigned to a lane;
• Timers may be required to time more than one swimmer – in most cases, every competitor in
the race;
• the “lap split” function of the stopwatch is extensively used;
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• the stopwatch is not stopped the instant that any part of the swimmer’s body touches the
finish. It is kept running to time other swimmers and is not turned off until instructed by the
Referee or the Chief Timer on instruction by the Referee;
• the finish may be a fixed vertical pad, a line suspended above the water surface, or a
projected or virtual plane between the shore and a buoy or any two points;
• times are not provided to the swimmers or their representatives until after the Recorders have
completed their duties and the Referee has checked and confirmed the results; and
Depending on the race, split times may be recorded as swimmers pass a specific point in the race. In
large races it is only practical to record split times using electronic chip timing. In very long races with
small entry fields, taking splits is much easier.
An official assists in attaching a “Chip” to a swimmers wrist.
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10 Finish Judging
Open Water Swimming events always use Finish Judges.
A minimum of three (3) Finish Judges should be assigned, one of whom shall be appointed Chief
Finish Judge.
As at the pool, the most important duty of the Finish Judge is to place all swimmers in their order of
finish. The difference between the “Pool” and Open Water Swimming swimmers are placed by their
competitor number as opposed to lane numbers.
Finish Judges are NOT PERMITTED to act as Timers in the same event.
The best method for judging is for a judge to independently and silently record the finish results they
observe. It is acceptable for a Referee or Assistant Referee to radio ahead the numbers and
characteristics of swimmers approaching the finish. Example call from Referee to Finish Judges “In
the lead pack of five swimmers, swimmer #14 – Red Cap, #19 – Green Cap, #2 – No Cap – Blue
Suit, #3 Black Cap –Silver Stripe, #22 –Solid Back Cap”. The Referee is not calling the finish but
rather assisting the Finish Judges in the identification of the swimmers approaching the finish. The
Finish Judge will determine the actual placing of those swimmers.
In multiple lap races, it is recommended that the Finish Judges track the athletes as they complete
each lap. This provides for a cross check should there be a dispute as to whether a swimmer
completed all laps of the race.
11 Determining the Final Result
It is possible for a significant amount of time to elapse between first and last place in Open Water
Swimming events. Most Meet Announcements have a cut off time for swimmers after the first place
finisher in the particular event has completed the race. The Rule Book sets standard cut-off times for
25k events is 2 hours, for 10k events it is 30 minutes. The Organizing Committee may modify these
cut-off times if so stated in the Meet Announcement.
It is permissible for the Referee’s staff to begin working out the results of the race well before all
competitors have completed the race. Awards presentations can begin prior to the last swimmer
finishing.
Depending on the configuration of the course, Recorders receive lap times or buoy times (or course
positional times at a pre-determined point.) at various times throughout the race. At the finish, of
course, Recorders will receive the final time for each swimmer. This may be a print out from a
stopwatch with a built-in printer or a time sheet with elapsed times recorded by a volunteer who is
working with a Timekeeper. Judges (either Race or Finish) supply the swimmers number either by
position in the field at a given point during the race or at the finish.
The following description of determining the Final Results is based on the presumption that you have
stopwatches with built-in printer functionality.
The Chief Timer will provide the times for each the placement of each swimmer as they finished the
race 1
st
– xx place. This will be in the form of a printout tape from the stopwatch. The Chief Finish
Judge will provide the competitor numbers in place order 1
st
– xx place. These records are passed to
the Chief Recorder who will match the times recorded to the relative order of finish. Disputes in placing
and times may be resolved using video replay if available. The Chief Recorder and Administrative
Referee will ensure that withdrawals and Disqualifications are appropriately included in the result.
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If the race was started in waves, the Administrative Referee and the Chief Recorder will apply any
time differential corrections to the raw split and finish times. When a meet management software
program is used, this process is quick and accurate.
If the race has different age categories of swimmers competing together, the results must be
calculated manually as a subset of the final order of finish, or by using a meet management software
product.
The use of meet management computer programs helps with the tasks of preparing an official result
that is available for display. The Meet Manager program will sort by age group and gender, and place
the swimmers in their correct order of finish based on the times recorded and the data entered. The
swimmer’s number is most important when using the meet manager program.
The Referee is ultimately responsible for accurate results. Adequate advanced planning and strict
attention to details should ensure that accurate results will be available in a reasonable amount of
time.
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12 Conclusion
Serving in the capacity of Open Water Referee can be extremely rewarding. Open water events are
dynamic - no two races are ever the same. As the new Referee gains experience, they come to better
anticipate evolving scenarios and develop courses of action to deal with issues which ensure positive
outcomes to the events. Like pool referees – the open water Referee must be a leader – the job is
immensely comprehensive with a wide-range of responsibilities. It is not a one-person show. The
open water Referee learns something from every race – they learn from post-race reflection of the
decisions they and others made.
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Appendix A - Swimmers/Coaches Pre-Race Briefing Guide
The Briefing should be held in a designated area where all the swimmers and coaches are able to
clearly see and hear the Referee. This briefing guide may be used at the General Meeting (if held) as
well as the final race instructions meeting approximately 20 minutes prior to the race.
Attendees:
Swimmers
Coaches
Referee, Assistant Referees, Admin. Referees
Safety Officer
Independent Safety Monitor
Medical Officer
Course Officer
PRE-RACE BRIEFING GUIDE – EXPANDED VERSION
Normal Procedures
1. Introduction of Key Personnel (Be as brief as applicable when introducing the Event
Director, Head Referee, Assistant Referees, Safety Officer, Water Safety Coordinator, Course
Officer, Medical Officer, etc.). Indicate if there is a difference in Referees between the male
and female heats.
2. Timeline for the competition (What timeline milestones are applicable for the athletes?
How will the timeline be communicated on event day? How are changes to the timeline
communicated to the athletes? Where applicable, a timeline should be made available to
the coaches and athletes.)
3. Course Condition Report – Water Temperature, Air Temperature, Surf, Chop, Currents,
Tides, Water Quality, known sea life, Known hazards and their markings, Possible
additional hazards. (Provide athletes and coaches with as much detailed information on
conditions as possible. Explain where the existing conditions are and their impact on the
race regarding the approved conditions in the Event Plan. If any parameters are outside the
Event Plan parameters, what has been done to address those exceptions? Will there be a
change of course? or a change of start time? or a change of location?)
4. Course Description – Start, Turn Buoys, Guide Buoys, Feed Station, Finish Chute, Finish Line.
(Consideration should be given to providing a printed handout of the course layout. Laying
out the course “on the sand” or on a white board or with a PowerPoint presentation is a very
effective way to help the athletes visualize the course. Course description should include
standard terminology for buoys “Guide Buoy” or “Turn Buoy”. Turn Buoys should be
designated as a Left or Right Shoulder turn. Number and size of buoys. Status of the finish
chute buoys – are they turn or guide buoys? Is there a feed station? If so, does it have a
required passing direction or are there any restrictions?)
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5. Start Line, Start Signal, and Start Procedure (Details regarding the location of the start line.
Describe which signals will be used for the start. What signals will be used for a recalled
start.)
6. Finish Line, Finish Procedure, Post Even Procedure (Location of the finish line, describe what
constitutes a finish, how will the official finish order be determined.)
7. Rules and Infractions –Yellow Flag and Red Flag Including the Event time cut-off
8. Summary of Normal Procedure Event Plan Changes – Review all changes made to the event
plan.
9. Questions on Normal Event Procedures
Non-Normal Procedures
1. Withdrawal Procedures (How does an athlete withdraw? After check-in, but pre-start?
After check-in or after the start? After withdrawing, where does the athlete report and how
do they get there if they are physically able to do so? How do they inform their withdrawal if
they are not physically able? How does the athlete signal that they need transportation from
the point of abandonment to the shore? Stress to all athletes and coaches the importance of
immediate communication to event operations personnel that an athlete is/has withdrawn.
An in-person report of “safe on shore” is required of all athletes withdrawing from an event.)
2. Emergency Event Abandonment Signal and Procedures – is designated by 3 Blasts on an air
horn or whistle,, followed by one long blast, and then repeated. (Explain possible reasons for
event abandonment and the actions that are expected of the athletes and other on course
personnel in that eventuality. There may be different actions for different emergency
situations and that should be explained in detail. Example: If a thunderstorm is threatening
or a shark appears, the procedure may be that athletes exit the course at the closest of three
pre-determined locations where they will be accounted for. Under a different situation with
a less immediate threat, the athletes may be instructed to proceed from the present position
directly to the finish area where they will be accounted for. Procedures for boarding vessels
should they be available to transport some or all of the athletes back to shore.)
3. Water Safety Coordinator Brief – Location, number, identification of water safety personnel
and craft. Signals – Athlete to safety personnel and between safety personnel.
a. Response Actions – Swimmer in distress requires immediate action.
b. Response Actions – Swimmer evacuation from course.
c. Response Actions – Swimmer evacuation from venue.
d. Response Actions – Missing swimmer that leads to a search and recovery.
4. Summary of Non-Normal Procedure Event Plan Changes – Review all changes made to the
event plan.
5. Questions on Non-Normal Event Procedures.
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PRE-RACE BRIEFING GUIDE - CONDENSED
Normal Procedures
1. Introduction of Key Personnel
2. Timeline for the competition Course
3. Condition Report – Water Temperature, Air Temperatures, Surf, Chop, Currents, Tides,
Water Quality, known sea life, Known hazards and their marking. Possible additional
hazards
4. Course Description – Start, Turn Buoys, Guide Buoys, Feed Station, Finish Chute, Finish Line.
5. Start Line, Start Signal, Start Procedure
6. Finish Line, Finish Procedure, Post Event Procedure
7. Rules and Infractions – Yellow Flag, Red Flag. Event Cutoff.
8. Summary of Normal Procedure Event Plan Changes – Review all changes made to the event
plan.
9. Questions on Normal Event Procedures
Non-Normal Procedures
1. Withdrawal Procedures
2. Emergency Event Abandonment Signal and Procedures - 3 Blasts on an air horn or whistle -
followed by one long blast, then repeated.
3. Water Safety Coordinator Brief – Location, number, identification of water safety personnel
and craft. Signals – Athlete to safety personnel, between safety personnel.
a. Response Actions – Swimmer in distress – immediate action.
b. Response Actions – Swimmer evacuation from course.
c. Response Actions – Swimmer evacuation from venue.
d. Response Actions – Missing swimmer – search and recovery.
4. Summary of Non-Normal Procedure Event Plan Changes – Review all changes made to the
event plan.
5. Questions on Non-Normal Event Procedures.
Appendix B - OWS Infraction Report
Open Water Swimming Infraction Report
Event No.: Date: Time: am/pm
Competitor Number: Event – Age Group Sex
M F
Distance km Freestyle
Infraction incurred at: Start Turn Buoy Other Finish
Circle or delete as required
Infraction Details:
Reported by: Starter Turn Judge Assistant Referee Referee
Name (please print):
Signature:
Action taken: Disqualification None
Name of Referee (please print):
Signature:
Announcer’s Message:
Event No.
Competitor Number:
was given a Yellow Flag or Red Flag for:
38
Appendix C - Sample Announcer Time Line
These are the required PA announcements for the 2007 – USA Swimming
World Championship Trials – Feel free to make any other announcements
and color commentary as long as these time checkpoints are covered.
NOTE: Cell phone time is race time.
0715 – PA Operational
0730 – Announce “CHECK-IN IS NOW AVAILABLE. THERE IS ONE HOUR
AND THIRTY MINUTES UNTIL THE START OF THE RACE.
0800 – Announce “ONE HOUR UNTIL THE START OF THE RACE. ”
0815 – Announce “45 MINUTES UNTIL THE START OF THE RACE”.
0825 – Announce “35 MINUTES UNTIL THE START OF THE RACE. THE
PRE-RACE MEETING WILL BEGIN IN 15 MINUTES – ALL ATHLETES
MUST ATTEND.
0835 – Announce “5 MINUTES UNTIL THE START OF THE PRE-RACE
MEETING. ALL ATHLETES MUST BE PRESENT FOR INSPECTION AND
BRIEFING. AGAIN 5 MINUTES UNTIL THE START OF THE PRE-RACE
MEETING.
0840 - Announce “ATTENTION COACHES – THE FEED STATION
VESSELS WILL DEPART THE DOCK IN 10 MINUTES.”
0840 – Announce “THE PRE RACE MEETING WILL BEGIN SHORTLY- 20
MINUTES UNTIL THE START OF THE MEN’S RACE.
0845 – Announce “ATTENTION COACHES – THE FEED STATION BOATS
WILL DEPART THE DOCK IN 5 MINUTES. PLEASE REPORT TO THE
DOCKS IMMEDIATELY.”
0845 – Announce “ATHLETE INTRODUCTIONS”
0850 – Announce “10 MINUTES UNTIL THE START OF THE MEN’S RACE.
LAST CALL FOR COACHES TO REPORT TO THE DOCKS TO BOARD THE
FEED STATION VESSELS.”
0855 – Announce “5 MINUTES UNTIL THE START OF THE RACE.
0856 –Announce “4 MINUTES UNTIL THE START OF THE RACE.
0857– Announce “3 MINUTES UNTIL THE START OF THE RACE.
0858– Announce “2 MINUTES UNTIL THE START OF THE RACE.
0859– Announce “1 MINUTE UNTIL THE START OF THE RACE.
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Appendix D – Examples of Referee Positioning
The diagrams listed below give examples of Referee positioning during different phases of an
open water race. The depicted positioning is guideline only and course layout, actual
swimmer orientation, and vessel maneuverability / availability may affect the most desirable
on course officiating configuration.
In these diagrams the following race officials and volunteers are depicted.
R1 – The Head Race Referee
R2 – R4 – Assistant Race Referees who officiate the race under the direction of R1.
- This kayak symbol is used to show the positioning of on water safety personnel.
These personnel may be embarked on boats, kayaks, paddle boards or vessels suitable for
the existing conditions. This symbol is also used to identify a lead vessel when it is used.
General
Information
Figure 1 - Depending on the course configuration, a lead kayak or other vessel may be
employed. This lead vessel must be identified with a flag or some other significant marking so
that it is easily identifiable by the swimmers.
When deciding whether to use a lead boat or not, the course size, course marking, existing
water and sky conditions, etc. must be taken into consideration. If a lead vessel is used, the
Captain of that vessel must be briefed that they must take the “Rhumb Line” (direct compass
heading) course from buoy-to-buoy. The swimmers must be briefed that regardless of the
positioning of the lead vessel, that the swimmers are ultimately responsible for navigation on
course. The lead vessel should maintain a constant position approximately 25m in front of the
lead swimmer. If individual swimmers or packs move off the direct course between the
buoys, the lead vessel should NOT alter course such as to position the vessel in front of the
swimmers.
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Positioning examples when four on-course Race Referees are used.
Figure 2 - At the start, one Referee boat should be positioned on either end of the start line.
The Starter may be embarked on one of the other Referee boats. In most cases, it is
desirable to have the Starter and Head Referee on the same side of the start line – that way,
the swimmers do not have to look to the other end of the start line for the visual start signal.
Additional Referee boats, safety support craft (kayaks, paddle boards, etc.) can be positioned
behind or off to the side of the starting line.
Figure 3 - After the start, the R1 and R2 monitor the swimmers as they leave the starting line.
R3 and R4 take positions behind the swimmers waiting for the pack to develop.
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Figure 4 - As the pack develops, R1 and R2 continue to monitor the lead portion of the pack
as R3 and R4 move in to monitor the trailing portion of the pack.
Figure 5 - Sometimes the pack will split into two. Depending on the size and relative
positioning of the second pack, R1 may send one or two Referees to monitor that pack.
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Figure 6 - Occasionally swimmers will fall significantly behind a Referee monitored pack. In
these cases a safety vessel will be assigned to monitor the swimmer(s).
Figure 7 - If a tertiary pack develops, R1 may direct one of the Referees to monitor that pack.
If a pack falls significantly behind the primary packs, R1 may call the Referees monitoring that
pack forward and direct water safety personnel to monitor those swimmers.
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Figure 8 - If a single swimmer breaks away from the lead pack, R1 will normally monitor that
swimmer from their position by the main pack. Dropped swimmers will be monitored by water
safety vessels.
Figure 9 – When approaching turn buoys, R1 must put his vessel in a position to carefully
monitor the first turn in a multi-buoy change of course. It is common for swimmers to be very
aggressive approaching a turn, sometimes swimming 3 or 4 wide . In these cases, some
swimmers are forced inside the buoy and some are forced wide. R1 should consider moving
slightly ahead of the swimmers as they approach the turn. Due to being outside the turn
radius of the swimmers, it the Referee can find himself falling behind and being out of
position. Careful speed control is important at all turns.
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Figure 10 – R2 may take up a position on the inside of the turn. The inside of the turn is a
good position to observe swimmers who may cut to the inside of the turn buoys. This also
puts R2 in good position on the exit of the change of course to be opposite R1. R3 should
stay near the outside of the first turn buoy to monitor that all important first change in course
for the second pack. R4 takes up the inside of the course to monitor swimmers entering and
exiting the turns.
Figure 11 - Approaching the finish: It is important for R1 and R2 to closely monitor the activity
approaching the finish. Breakaway swimmers can be left to an occasional glance – their
finish touch will be recorded by the finish judges. Groups of swimmers approaching the finish
structure often swim very aggressively and may use contact and gain an advantage at the
finish. Interference near the finish is “Unsporting Conduct” and may result in disqualification.
R1 should be in position to monitor the finish. R1 is ultimately responsible for determining the
order of finish. R1 may note swimmers or groups of swimmers that will need video replay to
determine placing.
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Positioning examples when two on course Race Referees are used.
Officiating a race with two Referee boats is possible with certain modifications from 4 Referee
recommended positioning. Prior to the race, the Meet Referee should determine the priorities
for swimmer observation. In most cases, the lead pack and certainly any swimmer who is
within striking distance of that lead pack should be most closely monitored for compliance
with the rules. It is understood that swimmers that are out of touch with the lead group will be
monitored by the Turn Judges, Feed Station Judges and other on course safety
personnel.
Figure 12 – (Preferred) R1 and R2 take up positions on opposite ends of the starting line.
The Start and R1 may be on one boat or the Starter may be on a separate vessel. R1 and
R2 may be located on the same end of the starting line with the Starter embarked on either
vessel or a separate vessel.
Figure 13 – R1 and R2 maneuver so as to take positions on each side of the swimmers and
prepare for the formation of a pack.
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Figure 14 – R1 would normally monitor the front part of the pack and R2 would monitor the
back half of the pack. R1 may order R2 to move to the front so that R1 can do some
observation of the rear of the pack so as to get an overall feel for the temperament of the
swimmers.
Figure 15 – When a second pack develops, R1 would monitor the lead pack and R2 would
monitor the trailing pack. Depending on the size of the lead pack, as long as the second pack
remains within striking distance of the main pack, the second pack should be monitored by a
Referee. If the main pack is small (3-5) R1 may decide to have R2 monitor the secondary
pack regardless of their position. Similarly, if there is a large lead pack and the second pack
falls significantly behind, R1 may call R2 forward to help monitor the lead pack.
Figure 16 – Leading and trailing swimmers. If a single swimmer breaks away, R1 will
normally allow that swimmer to be monitored from a distance. R1 will stay back with the main
pack until approaching the finish. If one or more swimmers fall significantly behind the main
or secondary pack, R1 or R2 may call for a support vessel to monitor their progress for safety
purposes.
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Figure 17 – Turn Approach and Entry – The approach to a turn and judging of a turn by R1 is
identical with the guidelines for 4 boat officiating. Approaching the turn, R2 should consider
changing position so as to judge the outside of the turn like R1. As the second half of the
lead pack passes the first buoy, R2 should follow the swimmers around the subsequent
buoys. The spacing of the swimmers and the size of the packs, will dictate how long R2 stays
in the vicinity of the turn.
Figure 18 – Approaching Finish/Finish – Depending on the layout of the swimmers
approaching the finish, R1 should observe the lead swimmers as the approach the finish. R1
should be in position to observe the final touches of all of the swimmers. R2 should be in a
position to observe swimmers as the approach the finish chute and assist R1 observing
swimmers as they approach the touch. Water safety personnel should observe the trailing
swimmers to ensure they all safely complete the course and are accounted for.
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Appendix D – Pre-Race Captains Briefing
SAMPLE - Pre-Race Captains Briefing
1. Introduction
a. Referee, Local Organizing Committee, Vessel Coordinator
b. Safety is Everyone’s Responsibility.
c. Individual Captains and vessel capabilities: The Captain of each vessel is
responsible for its safe operation in accordance with all local, state and
federal laws and procedures.
d. Required Safety Gear Review: Life preservers, Horn, signal equipment, etc.
e. Provisions for crew and passengers: water, food, etc.
2. Vessel Duty Assignments
3. Participating Vessel Visual Identification
4. Description of Event
a. Event Timeline
b. Vessel Timeline
c. Launch Point – Pickup / Drop-off point for passengers
d. Course Layout Orientation
5. Communication Plan
a. Vessel Call-signs
b. Primary – Radio
c. Secondary – Cell Phone (collect and distribute numbers)
d. Tertiary – Visual Signals
6. Vessel Breakdown Contingencies
a. Passenger Transfer Procedures
b. Recovery of Vessel
7. Emergency Abandonment Signal
8. Emergency Abandonment Duties
9. Emergency Action Plan
10. Final Review and Questions
