The Praxis
Study Companion
to see if a model “makes sense” by
comparing the outcomes with what
is known about the real world.
• Apply ratios, rates, percentages, and
unit conversions in the context of
complicated measurement
problems involving quantities with
derived or compound units (such as
,
, acre-feet, etc.).
6. Constructing explanations (for
science) and designing solutions (for
engineering)
• Make a quantitative and/or
qualitative claim regarding the
relationship between dependent
and independent variables.
• Construct and revise an explanation
based on valid and reliable evidence
obtained from a variety of sources
(including students’ own
investigations, models, theories,
simulations, peer review) and the
assumption that theories and laws
that describe the natural world
operate today as they did in the past
and will continue to do so in the
future.
• Apply scientific ideas, principles,
and/or evidence to provide an
explanation of phenomena and
solve design problems, taking into
account possible unanticipated
effects.
• Apply scientific reasoning, theory,
and/or models to link evidence to
the claims to assess the extent to
which the reasoning and data
support the explanation or
conclusion.
• Design, evaluate, and/or refine a
solution to a complex real-world
problem, based on scientific
knowledge, student-generated
sources of evidence, prioritized
criteria, and tradeoff considerations.
7. Engaging in argument from evidence
• Compare and evaluate competing
arguments or design solutions in
light of currently accepted
explanations, new evidence,
limitations (e.g., trade-offs),
constraints, and ethical issues.
• Evaluate the claims, evidence,
and/or reasoning behind currently
accepted explanations or solutions
to determine the merits of
arguments.
• Respectfully provide and/or receive
critiques on scientific arguments by
probing reasoning and evidence and
challenging ideas and conclusions,
responding thoughtfully to diverse
perspectives, and determining what
additional information is required to
resolve contradictions.
• Construct, use, and/or present an
oral and written argument or
counter-arguments based on data
and evidence.
• Make and defend a claim based on
evidence about the natural world or
the effectiveness of a design
solution that reflects scientific
knowledge, and student-generated
evidence.
• Evaluate competing design solutions
to a real-world problem based on
scientific ideas and principles,
empirical evidence, and/or logical
arguments regarding relevant
factors (e.g. economic, societal,