CHICAGO STYLE GUIDE (17
TH
ED.)
NOTES & BIBLIOGRAPHY STYLE
Th i s gui d e de s cribe s the humanities s tyl e (not e s & b i bliogr aphy ) tha t is pr eferr ed by ma ny in the ar ts,
li t eratu re , and h istory. The “auth or - date” s tyle is r e ser v ed for the p hysi cal, natur a l an d social sciences and
is n ot covere d by t his guide .
Fo r more infor m a tion plea se r e f er to T h e Chi c ago M a nual of S t y le (CMO S), l ocate d beh ind th e libr ary
ref erenc e desk (Re f Z253. U69 20 17) . For f urth e r inf o rmation on electronic s ource docu m entat i on, v isit the
Chi c ago Manual of S tyle we bsite: w ww.c h icagom anual o fst y l e.org /tools _ cit ati o nguid e / cita tion -g u ide-1.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FORMATTING GUIDELINES
FON T , SPA CI NG, MA R GINS, ALIG N MENT, I N DENTAT ION , PA G E NUMBE RS
3
COVE R PAGE
3
QU O TA TIONS [SHOR T AND L O NG]
4
BIBLIOGRA P HY PAGE
5
HA N G I NG I N DENT GUI DE
6
CREDITING SOURCES
WHA T REQU I RES A FOOT NOTE
7
HOW DOES A CIT A TION A P PEAR IN THE T EXT
7
SHOR TENI N G FOOTN O TES WHEN CITIN G A S O U RCE MORE T HAN O N CE
8
HOW TO IN SERT A FOOT NOTE IN WORD OR G O O G L E DOCS
8
SOURCE TYPES
TW O AUT HORS
9
THREE OR M O RE AU THOR S
9
ORG A N IZATI O N OR G OVE RN MENT AS A U T H OR
10
AUT H O R U NKNO W N
10
CL A SSICA L PRIMA RY S O U R CES
11
SCRI PTURA L REFE RENCE S
11
U.S . CONS T ITUT I ON
11
SOU R CE QU O TED IN ANO THE R SOUR CE
11
PE RSONAL COMMUNI CA TI ON
12
AUT H O R A ND E DITOR OR TRANS L A TOR
12
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED
PERIODICALS – ONLINE & PRINT
JOU R NAL A R T ICLE FORM ATTI N G NOTE S
13
JOU R NAL A R T ICLE – WIT H A DO I
13
JOU R NAL A R T ICLE – WIT HOUT A DOI
14
MA GAZI NES OR NEWSPA PER – O NL INE & PRINT
14
BOOKS – ELECTRONIC & PRINT
BOOK FOR M A T TING N OTE S
15
ORD E R OF ELEME N TS WHEN CI TING A BOOK
15
PR I NT BOO K
15
ELE C TRONIC BOOK
16
ARTI CLE OR CHAP TER IN AN EDIT E D COL LE CT I ON
16
ENT RY IN A RE FERE N CE BOOK – ONLINE & P R INT
17
AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA
ORD E R OF ELEME N TS FO R MUL TIME D IA CITA TIONS
18
STREAMING V IDEO
18
FI L M /DVD
19
POD C AST
19
WEBSITES & SOCIAL MEDIA
WE BS I TE FOR M ATTIN G NOT ES
20
WE BP A GE WITH AN A U T H OR
20
WE BP A GE – ORG A NIZA T I ON AS AUTH O R OR N O A UTHOR
20
BL O GPOST
21
22
LINK TO A SAMPLE PAPER IN CHICAGO STYLE
Scan to be linked to a sample paper in Chic ago Style
3
GENERAL FORMATTING GUIDELINES
You r professor s wil l exp ect to receiv e pa p ers that are prope r ly fo r matte d. U n l ess o ther w i se r e q uest e d by
your pr of e ssor , use the followin g guid eline s when sett ing u p a pa per in Chica g o S t y le.
On e inch marg i ns on sides , to p , a nd bo t tom
Ti m e s New Rom an, 12 p t . font
Dou b le-sp a ce the tex t (exc ept f or b lock q u otes , f ootno tes, and bibli ograp hy e n tries) .
Use a ½ inch i ndent for parag r aph beginnings, b l ock q uote s , and hang i ng i n dent s .
Lef t -alig n tex t so th a t it has a ragg ed r ight edge. Do no t use newsp aper j ustif ied text.
Num b er th e pag e s in t he t op righ t cor n er of the head er begi n ning with t he f irst page of tex t ( not th e
ti t le p a g e) . S om e prof essor s als o lik e your last name incl u ded w ith th e pa ge nu m ber .
Re m ove e x tra sp a cing b etwe en par agra p hs.
COVER PAGE
Sho u ld y o ur paper r equire a titl e page , use the f o llowi ng g u ideli nes.
1. Th e title should be centered one-th ird of th e way down the pa ge in AL L CAP S.
2. If there is a sub -title, end your tit le with a colon and enter the sub -title on a separate line .
3. Your name, clas s information , and the d ate should f ollow se veral lines later.
4. Double-spa ce each lin e of the cover page.
5. Do not put a page number on the c over page.
NOTE: Whi le most for m a l re s earch paper s re q uire a titl e page , no t all writ ing assi g nmen t s m ake use of
th e m . When in d oubt, a sk yo ur in s truct or.
Th e top port i on o f a s a mp l e Ch i c ago s tyl e tit l e p a ge
4
QUOTATIONS
Th e C MOS r e q uir e s quot ation o f all wor d -for -wor d mat erial. All quoted material must be accompan ied by a
footnote.
Fo otnotes are not es tha t a p pear in the foote r
se c tion of th e page . In C h icago notes and
bi b liogr a phy s tyle , fo o tnote s ar e us ed to t e ll the
rea der the sour c e of ide as or l anguag e in t he
te x t . T o cite an o utsid e sour ce, a sup erscr i pt
nu m b er is pla c ed af ter a quote , summ ar y , or
pa r aphr as e . The super scrip t numb er corr e s ponds
to a n umbe r ed foo t note c onta i n ing s o urce
in f ormati on .
SHORT QUOTATIONS
If a quote is l ess than f ive line s , incor p orate it into a sent ence. E n clos e the quote d m a teri a l in d ouble
qu o tation mar k s - “”. Plac e th e super scrip t num ber at th e end of th e sent ence o r quo tation .
Qu o t ation exam ple:
Kim and K oh’s inv estig ation i nto t he r e lation ship betwee n sm artp h one o bsession an d sel f - este e m
su g g este d that “indiv i d u als with low se lf -es teem m ay f eel more anxious , an d being anx ious c an
in cr ease one's obse s sion w ith sm artp h one us e . ”
2
LONG QUOTATIONS
Qu o t es of five or mor e line s, o r 100 or m ore w ords ar e c a lled b loc k q uotes and are f ormatt ed di f fere n tly
th a n their shorter c ounter p arts . When u sing block quota t ions foll o w the guide l ines below :
Cha nge th e li ne spa c ing t o s ingle-spaced , and i nclu d e add a n ext r a lin e before an d after the b lock
qu o te.
Blo ck quotatio ns a ppear on a new line and a re i ndente d ha lf an inch .
Wh e n block quotatio n s inc l ude m u ltiple pa r agraph s , n e w par a graph s ar e fur ther inden t ed.
Blo ck quotatio ns do NOT make use of qu otation ma rks .
Col o ns a r e fr e quentl y u s ed w hen in trod u c ing a block quot a tion . The y ar e n ot r e quir e d.
Use block quota t ions spar i ngly .
Exa m ple of a b lock q uotat i on
Th e disti ncti o n betw een s p iritu a lity and relig iosity is fur the r clar ified by Mi l ler a nd T h orese n:
Spiritua l ity is m o r e co n c erne d with how a n in d iv idual has a pe r s onal relat ions h ip to l arg e r
tr a n scen d ent r ealit i es, s uch a s the univ er se or God , wher e as r e ligio sity i s mor e concerned with how
an indiv idual exper iences a tr ansce n dent b eing and h ow th is is expr essed i n a c ommuni ty o r so ci al
or g aniz a tion.
1
I m a g e s o u r c e : D a r i a N e p r i a k h i n a / S t o c k s n a p . i o 1
5
BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE
Chi c ago S tyle req u ires a lis t of s ources i n th e form of a b ibli ograp hy. Th e inf ormati o n on this lis t allow s
wri t ers t o cr e d it sour ces and r eade r s to f ind, ev a luate , an d mak e furt her us e of t hose s ources .
What to include
Eve ry s o ur ce y o u par a phra s ed, summar ized, or q u oted i n th e tex t .
Do not inc l ude s ource s tha t you consul ted bu t di d not c ite.
Do not inc l ude person a l com m un icat i ons ( su c h as e m a ils or unp ublis hed inter v iews) , st a ndar d
rel igious tex t s such as the Qur a n or B i ble, clas s i cal prima r y sou r ces ( such as The I liad ) o r wel l -kno w n
ref erenc e book s (su c h as E n cyc lop e d ia Br i tann ica or the O x f o rd E nglis h Dic tion a r y) .
How to o rder the entries
Entries are a l phabe tized by th e fir st le t ter in the entry , g e neral ly an auth or ’s l ast n ame.
Entries t hat have n o author or editor ar e alph abetiz ed by t itle.
Wh e n alph abeti zing by title, ignor e a rticl e s th a t begi n th e titl e (A , An, a nd The ) .
Wh e n an e ntry s tar ts w ith a numb er , a l phabe t ize t h e e n try ba sed o n how the n umber w ould appe ar
if written.
Wh e n an e ntry s tar ts w ith a yea r , alp habet ize th e entry ba sed on how t h e y e ar wo u ld be spok e n .
How to format the page
Th e bibli o graph y begin s on a new page after the con c lusio n .
In c lude a cons e cutive page numb er in t he t o p -r i g ht-corner of t he hea der.
Th e page has t he word Bibliog r aphy center e d a t the t op wit h out a ny spe cial for m a tting (no b old,
la r ger f ont size , or underl ine) .
Leave tw o b lank l ines betw e e n the word Bibl i ogr a p hy and your f irs t entr y .
Use “and” not “&” f or mult i -auth or en tr ies.
Fo r one to ten a uthor s in a sin g le ent ry, wr ite out all n ames i n th e bibliog r aphy ( e ntri es in the
footnote s can be shortene d) .
Fo r onlin e sou r ces, prov ide DO Is in s tead of U RL s wh e never poss i ble .
In the 1 7
th
edit i on of CMOS, use of 3 - em da s h (---) for m u ltip le wor ks by the same a uthor is
di s cour ag e d ( CMOS 1 4.67) .
Bibliograp hy entrie s are sin gle -spaced with one extr a s pace betwee n ent r ies.
Bib l iogr aphy en tr ies m a ke u se of a hangin g indent ( ins tructions f or a hangin g in dent are on th e nex t
pa g e).
Sam ple Biblio graphy from P urdue OWL:
6
HANGING INDENT
HOW TO CREATE A HANGING INDENT IN MICROSOFT WORD
1. Sel e ct t he te x t that y ou w o uld l ike t o ind e nt.
2. On the H ome tab, click the arrow in t he bot t om r ight of th e
Pa r agrap h grou p .
3. In the P aragr aph d i alog bo x, u n d er In d entat ion, in t he Sp e cial
li s t, s e lect Ha nging.
4. Th e measu remen t s hould autom a tica l ly s e t to 0.5 u nder By.
5. Cli ck OK.
*N o te: T h e Sp a cing b efore and a fter parag r a phs should be s et to 0pt.
Ti p! The key boa r d sh or tcut Ctrl + T als o cr eate s a h a ngin g i ndent in W or d.
HOW TO CREATE A HANGING INDENT IN GOOGLE DOCS:
1. Cli ck “Vie w ” a n d mak e sure “Sho w Ruler ” is check ed.
2. Sel e ct the text that y ou wo u ld l ike t o ind e nt.
3. On the r u ler, drag the l i ght blue i nve r t ed tr i angl e (Lef t Inde n t mar ker) to the r ight u n til i t is
a h a lf i nch fr om th e mar gin ( 0.50). (Th e ligh t blu e re c tangle will move w ith i t.)
4. Dr ag the lig ht b lue r ectan g le ( First Line Inde n t mar ker ) b a ck to t he l eft m a rgin (0.00) .
Ste p 2
St ep 3
St ep 4
Ste ps 3 & 4
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CREDITING SOURCES
TO CREDIT C ONTR I BUTO RS, CHICAGO MANUA L O F S T YLE ( CMOS) RE Q UIRES ( 1) A S U PERS CR I PT NUM BER FOR
ALL SOU RCE D INFOR MATION , ( 2) FOR EACH SU PERS CR I PT NUMBE R, A F OOTNOT E CON TA ININ G FU LL (FI RST
USE ) OR A B BREVIA TE D (SUBSEQUE N T US E ) SOU R CE IN F O RMATION , A N D (3) A FU L L LIS T OF S OU R CES I N THE
FOR M OF A N END-OF-TE XT BIB LIOGRA PHY .
FOOTNOTES
OVERVIEW
WHAT RE QUIRES A FOOTNOTE
Pa r aphr ase s , su m m aries an d quotat ions all r e quir e the use o f f oot n o te c i tation s .
A paraphrase restat es the sour ce mater i al i n new lang u age. A par a p hra s e use s appr oximat e ly th e
sa m e numb er of w ords a s t h e ori ginal .
A summary c onde n ses the s o urce m a ter i al to refle ct i ts m a i n i d ea(s) . A s ummar y uses sig n ifica ntly
le s s wor ds tha n th e orig inal.
A quota tion restate s the s our ce m ateria l us i ng the exac t lang u age o f that m ater ial.
HOW DOES CITATION INFORMATION APPEAR IN THE TEXT
To credit the write rs and thinkers w h ose i deas a re p araphrased, s u mmar ized and qu o ted , CMOS style
wri t ing m a kes us e of b oth s i gn al phrases and superscript re f erence nu mbers that co rrespond to a footnote .
Signal phrase s (also k n o wn as att ribut ive ta gs or narrative citatio n ) sig n al t he re a d er th a t th e ide a or
la nguage b eing u sed is f rom an out side s our c e . S igna l phr a ses gener ally use the au t hor(s ) name(s ) and a
ver b to d o this . They appear in t he sa me sen t ence as t h e sou r ce material, eith er dir e ctly befor e or afte r
th a t mat er ial. See th e SIGNA L PHRA S E G UIDE L I N ES h andou t for guide l ines and a lis t of s ignal phras e ver b s.
Fo otnote ci tations make us e of super scrip t nu m b ers t hat a re pla ced a s close to the c ited mater ial a s
po s sible ( n orm ally at the e nd of the s e nten c e) . The super s cript numbe r cor r e spond s to a foo t n o te e ntry a t
th e bottom of t he p a ge. If y o u ar e cit i ng a sour ce m ore t han on ce, y ou can shor t en t he sub seque nt
footnote s . Examp l es bel ow:
In a n e f f ort t o ex plain the cul tura l var ia t ions in same -fam ily rein carn a tion clai m s , Ma s ayuk i
th e orize d that “ culturally pre s cr ibed ide a s abou t rei n carn a tion w ould be carried into d eath and
wou ld inf luenc e dec isions made in th e pos tm ortem state .”
1
(Footnot e entr y at t h e b o t tom of the page)
1. Ohkado Masa y uki, "Same - Family Case s of the Reinc arnation Ty pe in Japa n , " J o urna l of
Sci entif i c Explo r a tio n 31, no. 4 ( 2 017) , 5 5 3.
Sub seque n t foot n ote examp l e of the sa me wor k:
4. M asay u ki, “ Same -Fam ily Ca ses,” 554.
8
SHORTENING FOOTNOTE S WHEN CITING A SOURCE MORE THAN ONCE ( C MOS 14.3 0 )
Th e fir st foo t n ote of a sour c e in c ludes a ll n ecessary citatio n inf or m ation ( up t o three autho r s). S ubse q uent
footnote s of the same s our c e can be shorten e d.
Sho rtene d foot note s inclu de:
The author’s or authors’ last name(s)
A sho rtened versio n of the title
o Ti t les w ith m or e t h an fo ur w or ds a r e s horte ned to ar oun d thre e key w ords of t he m a i n ti t le .
The page number (s)
Th e 17
th
ed. disco urag e s the use of Ibi d . f or rep eate d cita tions o f th e s a me so urce.
HOW TO INSERT A FOOTN OTE IN MICROSOFT WORD
1. Pl a ce y o ur cursor w here yo u wou ld like the sup e r scr i p t
nu m b er in the tex t b o dy (typica lly af t er th e per i od of the
se n tence you’r e cit i ng) .
2. Sel e ct t he “Referen ces” ta b .
3. Sel e ct “ Inse r t Foot n ote.” A nu mber will automatica l ly b e
in serted , and your cu r s o r will mov e to the f ooter t o allow you t o complet e the footno te ci tatio n .
HOW TO INSERT A FOOTNOTE IN GOOGLE DOCS
1. Pl a ce y o ur cur sor w h ere yo u want the super script num b er in the text
bo dy .
2. Sel e ct t he “In ser t” t a b.
3. Sel e ct “ Footno t e.”
Not e: In eith e r Wor d or G oogle D ocs, the k eyboar d shor tcut to in sert a
footnote i s CTRL+ Alt +F.
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SOURCE TYPES
WORKS WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORS (OR EDITORS)
TWO AUTHORS
Wh e n a w ork is aut h ored by tw o individua l s, u se and inste a d of am p ersan d (&) to s epar a t e t h e
na m e s.
In the b i bliograph y , on ly the fir s t auth or’s name i s inv erted .
IN-TEXT REFERENCE:
Sar k odie and S trez o v ’s s tudy reve a led African coun tries as “th e most vulner able to cl imate change
wit h hig h se n sitiv i ty, high exposure, a nd l o w adap tive capaci ty.”
3
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
3. Samue l Asum adu Sark odie a n d V l adimir Str ezov, “Econo mic, S ocia l and G over n ance A dapta tion
Re a d iness for Mitig ation of Clim ate C hang e Vuln erabil ity: Evide nce from 1 92 Cou n tri es, ” T h e Sc i e n ce
of the T o ta l Env i r onmen t 656 (Ma r c h 15 , 2019 ): 15 0 ,
ht t ps://d o i.o r g/10 . 1016/ j .scitoten v .2018 . 11.3 4 9 .
Sub seque n t foot n otes:
4. Sark odi e and S tre z ov, “Climate Cha nge Vu l ner abi lity , ” 160 .
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Sar k odie , S amuel Asum adu a nd V ladim ir S trez ov . “Eco n omic, Socia l an d Gov e r nance Adap t ation Readi ness
for Miti gatio n of C l imat e Chan ge Vul nera b ility : Evide nce from 1 92 Coun trie s . ” Th e Sc ien c e of t he
To t a l E n v i ronm ent 656 ( Mar ch 1 5 , 20 19) : 150- 1 6 4. http s://do i.or g /10.1 0 16/j.scito t env .20 1 8.11. 3 49 .
THREE OR MORE AUTHORS (CM OS 14. 7 6 )
Fo r wor k s with thr e e auth ors, i n clud e all thr ee author s in the f o otnot e and bibliogra p hy e n tries.
Fo r wor k s with four or mor e auth ors, only include the fir st a u thor ’ s na m e in t he f o otno t e foll o wed
by “ e t a l .,” an abbr ev iation for the Latin phr ase et a li a meanin g “an d others . ” The full list of a u thor s
(up to t en) c a n be l iste d in t he b i bliography .
Fo r wor k s with ten or more aut h ors, lis t the fir s t sev e n in the bi blio g raphy , fol l owed by et al.
IN-TEXT REFERENCE
Doc t ors Hor o n , S in g a l, Fo w ler, and S harf s tein p o int out t hat if dea t h cer tific ates in c l ude a thorou gh
do c umentat ion o f the subs tance s inv o lved i n a d eath , accur ate h eroin ov erd o se r a tes will be ea sier
to obtai n .
5
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
5. I sabel le L. Horon et a l., “ S tandard Dea th Cer tific ates Versus Enha n ced Surveil lance to Id entify
He r o in Ov erdos e –Rela ted Death s , ” A m eric an Jour n al o f Pub l ic He a l th 108, n o . 6 (Jun e 2018 ): 77 7,
do i:10.2 105/A J PH.20 18.30 4385.
10
Sub seque n t foot n otes :
7. H orton et al ., “ S tan d a r d De a th C ertif icate s , ” 779 .
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Hor on, Is a belle L ., P ooja Sing a l, Dav i d R. Fowle r , an d Joshu a M. Shar f stein. “Sta n dard Death Certi fica t es
Ver sus E nhance d Surv e illance t o Id e ntif y Heroin Ov erdose –Re lated D eaths.” A meric a n J o u r nal of
Pu b l ic Hea l t h 108, no. 6 (June 2018 ): 777 – 81. d o i:10. 2105/AJPH.2 018.3 0 4385.
ORGANIZATION OR GOVERNMENT AS AUTHOR (CMOS 14.8 4 )
Som e sour ces do not list an i n div idu a l auth or . Thes e sour ces m ay hav e an organizati o n , corporat i on,
as s ociat i on, or gov ernmen t agen cy as the ir auth or. I n thi s case , the gr oup’ s na m e can b e u s e d in place of
an a uthor’s na m e in f o o tnote s and biblio grap h y entr ies .
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
3.
Sav a n n ah ( G a .) Bo ard o f Educ a tion , E d uc ati o n of Color ed C h i ldre n (Savan nah: M orni ng New s
Ste am -Powe r Pr e ss, 18 72), Africa n Ame r i can Pamphl et Co l lect ion , L i brary of C o ngr ess, Wash i ngton ,
DC, h t tps: / / www.l oc.g o v /ite m / 91898 971/ .
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Sav a nnah ( Ga.) B o ard o f Educ a tion. Educ a tion of Co l ored Child ren . Savanna h: Morning News S team - P ower
Pr e ss, 1 872. A fr ican Ameri c an P a m phle t Colle ctio n . Li brary of Con gress, Was hington, DC .
ht t ps://w ww.lo c .gov /item/9 1 8989 71/ .
AUTHOR UNKNOWN (CMOS 1 4.79 )
Ref eren ce w orks, lega l mat e r ials , and n e wspa p er ed i toria l s fr equen t ly app e ar wi t hout a n auth o r. If no
aut h or i s give n and the source ha s n ot be en aut h o r ed by a n a g e ncy o r o r gan i zatio n (see above ), st a rt the
ci t ation wit h the sourc e ’ s t i t le. Ign o re i n itia l art i cles ( The, A, An ) when a lpha b etiz in g entr i es in t h e
bib l iog r aphy.
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
1. “Safe Injection F a cil i t ies S ave Lives ,” S c i entif i c Am e r ic an , Ja n uary 2 9, 2 018,
ht t ps://w ww.sc i entif icame r ican. com/ar ticl e/safe -inj e ction -f acil itie s - s ave- l ives/ .
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
“Safe Inj e ctio n Faci litie s Sav e Liv e s. ” S c i entif ic A m e ric a n . J anuary 29 , 2018 .
ht t ps://w ww.sci entif icamer ican. c om/ar t icle/ safe -inj e ction -f acil itie s - s ave- l ives/ .
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CLASSICAL PRIMARY SOURCES ( C MOS 14. 2 4 3)
Cla ssica l pr im ary sour c es, s uch a s Gr eek and Latin t exts , are ordin arily give n in t he te x t or f o o tnote s and
no t incl uded i n the bib l i ogr aph y l ist. The n umbers iden t ifyin g par t s of clas sical work s – book s , sec t ions ,
li n es – r em ain t he s a me in all edit i ons. U s e Ara b i c num erals (1, 2 , 3, etc. ) inste ad o f Roma n nume r als. P age
nu m b ers ar e om itted exce p t when ref ere n cing a mod ern edi t or’s i ntr o d uct i on o r note s.
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
1. Author , T itl e , book .sect i on.lines
1. H omer , Ili a d , 2. 2 5 -30.
SCRIPTURAL REFERENCES (C MOS 1 4 .239 )
Cit a tions to r e ligi o ns s criptures, such a s th e Bible or K oran ( Qur’a n), u suall y app e ar in tex t or note s rat her
th a n the bibli ography. Cit a tions for the Bi ble s h ould inclu d e th e book (usu ally a bbr evia ted) , chapt er, a n d
ver s e, b u t no p age n umbe r . A c o l on s epara t es the chapter and ver s e ( s) .
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
1. 1 Cor . 13: 4 , 15 : 12 - 19.
2. Heb. 8:1 -7.
U.S. CONSTITUTION
Cit a tions of the U .S. Con stitu t i on are i n clud e d in foo tnote s and le ft out of the b ibliograp hy. A m endm ent
an d arti c le n u mber s a p p ear i n rom an numerals and o ther s ubdivisio n numbers a re in Ar a bic n u m erals (1, 2 ,
3, e tc.) . T he s e ctio n symbol (§) ca n be f o u nd i n Mi cr osoft Wor d’s Inser t tab, sy mbol, mor e sym b o ls, s p ecia l
ch ar acters. Alternativ ely , ho l d down the Alt k ey and ty p e the numbe rs 0167 on the numeric keypad .
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
1. U .S. Const . art . IV, § 2, cl. 2 .
SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER SOURCE (C MOS 1 4 . 260 )
Cit i ng a sour ce t hat w as qu o ted w ithin anot her so ur ce is d isco ur aged b ecau s e aut hors are expe cted to
exa mine w orks they r efer to. You shou l d fin d the orig i nal source whenever p oss ibl e . How ever , i f t he
or ig inal s o urce cannot be locat ed, both the orig i nal and th e secon d ary sour c e mus t be c i ted. Separate t he
so ur ces w ith t he phr ase “ quote d in.”
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
1. W insto n Churchill , “A dd r ess o f Win s t on C h urchi ll to P arli ament, Ju ne 4, 194 0,” in W i nsto n S.
Chu r c hill : His Comp l ete S p eec h e s , 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 63, e d. R o bert Rhode s Jam e s , vol . 6 ( Chel sea H o use
Pu b lisher s, 197 4), qu o ted in E d ward H . Jud ge a n d John W. L a ngdo n , Conne c t io n s : A W o r ld H i sto r y ,
2n d ed. ( Bosto n: Pe arson, 201 2) , 78 4 .
12
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Chur chil l , W i nston. “A d d ress of Win ston C hur c hill to Pa r liam ent, J u ne 4 , 1940 . ” In Win ston S . C h u rchil l: His
Com p lete Spee c h es, 1 8 9 7 - 1 963. Ed ited by Ro b ert Rh o des J ames. V ol. 6 . Che lsea House P ublisher s ,
19 7 4. Quo ted i n E dward H . Jud g e a n d John W. L angd o n. C onn e c tion s : A W o rld H istor y . 2nd e d.
Bos t on: P e ars o n, 201 2 .
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
If you’r e citi ng an e m a il, text messag e , te lepho n e conversat i on, l etter , o r non - arch ived d is c ussi o n mes sage
bo ar d, i t is u nlik e ly th a t you r re a der w ill b e able to a c cess y our s ourc e . For this r e a son, p erson al
com m unica t ions are n ot includ ed in the bib l iogr a p hy .
UNPUBLISHED INTERVIE WS
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
1.
[Nam e of i nterv iewee]. Inte rview e d by [nam e], place and date o f in t ervie w .
1.
Stev e Vosk uil ( Chie f Financial Of ficer , Her s hey Co .), in terv ie w e d by the a uthor , May 20, 2019.
Sub seque n t foot n otes:
2. V osk uil, interv iew.
AUTHOR AND EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR (CM OS 14. 2 3)
Som e wor k s – typ i c ally book s – h ave b oth an a uthor and a n ed i tor or trans lator . In a work wi t h bot h an
au t hor a nd an editor /tra nsla t or , th e e dito r or tr ansl a tor’ s nam e is given af t er th e titl e of t he w o r k . E di t ed
is a bbr e v iate d to ed. in th e footn ote. Translated is a b brev ia t ed to tra ns. The bibli ogra p hy ent ry doe s not
ab b reviat e edite d or trans lated .
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
5. I saac Bash e v is S i nger , The S l ave, tr a ns. Ce c il He m l ey ( New Yo r k: Farrar , Str a us an d Cud a hy, 1 962) ,
10 2 .
Sub seque n t foot n ote:
6. Sing e r , The S lave , 22.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Sin ger, Isa ac Bas h evis . The S lav e . Trans lated by Cecil Heml ey . Ne w Yor k: Far rar, S tra u s and Cudahy , 196 2 .
13
PERIODICALS – ONLINE & PRINT
JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS
JOURNAL ARTICLES – ONLINE & PRINT
JOURNAL ARTICLE FORMATTING NOTES:
Th e auth or’s n ame is inv ert ed in the b ibl iogra p h y but not in the foot note.
Ele ments are o ften s eparat ed b y com m a s in t he fo o tnote and by a p eriod in the b ibli ograp hy.
No retrieval date is necess ary f or ele ctro n i c r e s o urce s unle ss re queste d by your instr u ctor . If a n
ac c ess da te i s req u ired by y ou r instr u ctor , i t s h ould b e inc l uded imme d i ately pr ior t o th e URL or
DOI .
Th e jou rnal t itl e is italicized .
Use title case capi talization for journal and article tit les . Do not capi t aliz e ar t i cles (a, an, t he) ,
pr e p ositi ons les s th a n four lett ers l o ng ( o f, on, in, by , etc.) , or c oordin a ting co njunc t i ons ( and, or)
un l ess on e of these is the f irst word of t he jou rnal titl e .
Th e volume number is not ita lic ized like it is i n APA s tyle . The abbr ev iati on for volum e, or vol., is not
in c luded . O nly g ive t he nu m b er .
Th e issu e numb er , i f av a ilabl e , follows t he v o l ume n umber w ith a com m a and is p r ecede d by “ no. ”
Th e publi catio n ye a r may be pr e cede d by a sea s on or m onth.
ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH A DOI [DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER]
FOOTNOTE TEMPLATE
1. F irs t name L a s tname , “Tit le of A r t icle ,” T itle of J o urna l v o lume # , is sue # ( publi c ation year ): page
nu m b er, d o i:numb er.
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
3. G ueor g Koss inets and Dunca n Watt s , “Or ig i ns of Hom oph i l y in an Ev olving S o cial N etwork , ” The
Ame r ican J o urn a l of Socio l ogy 115, n o . 2 (S epte m ber 2 009) : 406 , d oi:1 0 .108 6 / 59924 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Kos s inets , Gue orgi and Dun c an W a tts. “ Orig ins of Hom oph i ly in an Ev olving S o cial N e twork .” T h e Ame r i can
Jou r nal o f S o c iolo g y 115 , no . 2 ( S eptem b er 20 0 9 ): 4 05 – 450. d o i:10 . 1086 /5 9 9247
14
JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH NO DOI
FOOTNOTE TEMPLATE
1. F irs t name L a stname, “T i tle of A r ticl e ,” T i t le o f Jo u r nal v olum e #, i ssue # ( p ublic ation year ): page
nu m b er.
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
4. B ever ly May C arl , “The L aws of Ge nghis Khan ,” La w and B u sin e s s Re v i ew of t h e A m e r icas 18 , no. 2
(March 22, 2012): 14 7 .
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Ca r l, Bev erly May. “ The L aws o f Geng h is K han .” L aw and Busi ness R evie w of t he A m e ric a s 18, no. 2 (M ar ch
22 , 2012 ): 147 -170 .
MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER ARTICLES – ONLINE & PRINT
FORMATTING NOTES:
In c lude a s m uch infor m a tion about the p u blis h ing d ate as p ossib le. Provide the d ay a n d mon t h if
av a i labl e .
If c itin g a pr i n t copy of a new s pape r or m a gazin e , end the c itat i on af ter t he page n um ber i n th e
footnote e ntr y or y e ar in the b ibliography entr y .
If n o au thor i s g ive n for the art i c le, begin with t he a r ticle ’s ti tle i nstea d .
FOOTNOTE TEMPLATE
1. F irs t name L a stname, “A r ticle Titl e,” Magaz ine or N ewsp a per Tit le , M onth Y ear, p age n umber ,
URL / Datab ase.
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
1. M ichelle Cor tez, “ F ewer Am eric a n Kid s Die in Sta t es w ith Tou gher Gun La ws, A c cord i ng to this
New Study ,” T ime, J uly 1 5, 2 019, h t tps: //tim e .com/5 6 2635 2/gun - laws - f e wer -ch i ld-deat hs/.
2. G intau t as Du m c ius, “Sta t e R e ceivin g $5. 6M in Auto Settl em ent,” T he P o s t -Sta n d ard , J a nuary 1 1,
20 1 9, A 4 , N e wsba nk .
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY TEMPLATE
Las t name , Fir s tnam e. “Artic le T i t le.” M a g azin e or N ewsp a p er T i tle . Day M onth, Year . URL /Da tabas e .
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Cor tez, M iche l le. “ Fewer Amer i can Kid s Die in St ates w ith T ough er Gun L aws, A ccor d ing to th is N e w S tudy .”
Ti m e . Ju ly 15, 2019. h t t ps: //tim e.c om /562 6 352/ g u n -law s -fewer -c h ild-de aths / .
Dum cius, G inta u tas. “Stat e Re ceiving $5.6M in A uto S ettl e m ent.” T h e P ost - S tanda rd . J a nuar y 1 1, 2 019.
News bank .
15
BOOKS – PRINT OR ONLINE
CMOS 14.1 00
BOOK FORMATTING NOTES
1. Use title case ca pitalization for t itles and su btitles.
2. If the b ook h a s bee n r epr inted, lis t only the m ost recen t yea r .
3. Giv e the p ublis her in as br ief f or m as pos sible . Writ e out t he n ames o f cor p orat i o ns, assoc i ations ,
an d univ ersity pres s es, but om it term s like Pub l ishe r s , Co. and Inc. Retain wor d s Books and Pres s.
Exa m ple: Macmi l lan N OT Ma c milla n Pu b lishi ng Co .
4. If two or more publ ish ing l ocations a re g iven, g i ve t h e lo c ation list e d fir st or , if s pecif ied, the
loc a tion of th e pu b l ishe r ’s h ome of f ice.
5. Fo r an e dition other than the first , ad d the edition n umber after the title in th e lis t ing. In t he
footnote , a co m ma sep a rate s the title and editio n n um ber. I n th e bibliograp hy en try, a p eriod
se p arate s the title and e dition num ber.
ORDER OF ELEMENTS WHEN CITING A BOOK
Not all of the ele m e n ts l isted belo w will be a p plicable t o ev ery book . Ski p ele ments that d o n o t apply to t he
so ur ce b e ing c i ted.
1. Auth or( s) or name o f in s tituti on s t andin g as autho r
2. Ti t le
3. Edi tor o r tr anslator
4. Edi tion , if n ot th e fir s t
5. Vol ume
6. Ser ies t i tle
7. Fa c ts of publ i cation: ci t y, st a te: pub l isher , dat e
8. Pa g e num b er(s)
9. URL or D O I for elect ronic book s
PRINT BOOK
FOOTNOTE TEMPLATE
1. Firstname L a stnam e , Title of W ork : S ubtit l e, # ed. ( C i ty , S tate: P u blis h er, y e ar), page.
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
1. Scott D. W ur ding er an d Juli e A . C arlson , T e achin g for E xper ientia l L ea r n i ng: F ive A p proac h es t h at
Wo r k , (L a nham, M D : Rowman & L ittlefiel d Educ ati on , 2010) , 45.
BIBLIOGRAPHY TEMPLATE
Las t name , Fir s tnam e. Title . # e d . City , State: Pub lisher, y e ar.
16
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Wu r d inger , Scott D. a nd Ju lie A . Car lson. Teac h in g for Expe r i e nti a l Le a r ning : Fiv e App r o ache s that Work .
Lan h am, MD : Rowm an & Littlefie ld E d u cati on, 201 0.
ELECTRONIC BOOK (C MOS 1 4 . 161 )
Wh e n citin g a b o ok foun d online , i n c lude a DOI or U RL at the e n d of the citati o n .
If you are r et r i evin g a b o ok thr ough a lib rar y d ataba s e, a URL available to all user s may n o t be a vail ab le
as l ibr ary dat abase s ar e available only to su b scri bers. Incl u de th e nam e of the da t abase in i talic s
in s tead o f a U RL.
Som e elec troni c boo k s may not h ave f ixed p age number s . If p age n umber s are not av aila ble in an e -
bo ok , inc lude anoth er loca tion identi f i er su c h as a ch a pter or se c tion n umbe r .
FOOTNOTE TEMPLATE
1. F irs t name L a stname, Title of e B ook (city, s tate: publi sher , y ear) , page numb er , U R L / DOI/ D a taba se .
FOOTNOTE EXAMPLES
1. J oe R. Feagin , R ac is t Ame r i ca: R o ots, Curr e n t Re aliti e s, a n d Fu t u re R e para tio ns , 2
nd
ed. ( New Y ork:
Ta y l or & Fran c is, 2 010), 59, eBo o k Co l l ectio n ( E B S COh o s t).
2. Ak is K a laitz idis a n d Greg ory W. S treic h , U . S . For e ign P olic y : A Doc u m e nta r y an d Ref e r ence Guide
(Santa Ba rbar a , CA : Green w ood, 2011 ) , 274, G a le V irtua l Refe r e nce Librar y .
BIBLIOGRAPHY TEMPLATE
Las t name , Firstn ame. T i t le o f e Bo o k . City , st a te: pu b lisher, y ear.U RL / DOI/ Data base.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Kalaitz id is , Ak i s an d Gre g ory W . Str e ich . U .S. F o reig n Pol icy : A Docume ntar y and R efer e nce G u ide . S anta
Ba r b ara, CA: Green w ood, 2011. G a le V i r tua l Refe r e nce L ibr a r y .
ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED COLLECTI ON OR ANTHOLOGY (C MOS 1 4 .107)
FOOTNOTE TEMPLATE
1. Author of ch a pter , “ Cha p ter or ar ti c le ti tle ,” in Bo o k Tit l e , ed . Edit or Nam e ( s) ( C i ty: Publis her ,
year), p age n um ber.
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
1. Judith Ortiz Cof e r, “ T h e My th o f th e Lati n Woman , ” in T he N o rton F iel d Guid e to W ritin g wi t h
Re a d i ngs, 4
th
ed., ed. Rich ar d Bu l lock and M a ureen Daly G oggi n (Ne w Y ork : W.W. N orto n , 2016),
87 6 .
17
BIBLIOGRAPHY TEMPLATE
Auth or of c hapte r . “Ch a pter Title . ” In Boo k Tit l e , edited b y nam e(s ), pag e ra nge. Ci ty: P u blish er, y ear .
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Cof er, J u dith Ortiz . “Th e Myth of t h e Lat i n Wo m an .” In T h e N o r t on F ield G u ide to W r i t ing w ith Read i n g s ,
edi ted by Rich ard B ullock an d Mau r een Daly Gog gin, 8 76 -83 . New Y ork : W. W . No r t on , 2016.
ENTRY IN A REFERENCE BOOK—DICTIONARY/ENCYCLOPEDIA
We l l -known ref e rence w ork s, s uch as the O xf ord E nglis h Dic tiona r y , E n cycl o pedia Brit a nnic a , or
Wi k ipedia , can be c ited i n th e foot n o tes and left out of t he b i bliogr aphy .
Re f erence wor k s that ar e n o t wide ly kn o wn sho uld i nclu d e f ull publ i cation det a ils l ike o t her b o o ks.
Cit a tion s of a n al p habe t i cally ar r a nged w ork ( that i s how refe r e nce b ooks are us u ally arran g e d) wil l
in c lude the a b brev i a tion “s.v .” wh i ch i s shor t for the L a tin phr a se s u b ve r b o or “ under the word . ” Th e
pl ur al f orm is s.v v . See th e ex a mples below .
PRINT REFERENCE BOOK
FOOTNOTE TEMPLATE
1. F irs t name L a stname (if av ailab le) , Refe r e nce W o rk T itle , edit ion (y ear), s.v . “wor d .”
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
1. O xfor d E nglis h Dic t iona r y , 2
nd
ed. (199 9 ) , s.v . “liber ty .”
ONLINE REFERENCE WOR K
FOOTNOTE TEMPLATE
1. F irs t name L a stname (if av ailab le) , Refe r e nce Wo r k Ti t le , s.v. “w ord,” acces sed Mon th d ay, y e a r,
URL .
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
1. Jeff W alle nf ledt and David Mendell, E ncyc l o p edia Brit a nnic a , s.v . “ B a rack Obam a,” last upda t ed
Jun e 19 , 2019, h t tps: //www.b ritan n ica.c om/bi o g raphy/Bar ack -Oba m a .
2. M erri a m - W ebste r Di c t io n a ry , s.v . “fr eedom,” acce ssed J uly 16, 201 9 , h ttps: / /www. m erria m -
web s ter. c om/di c tionary/f reedom? src=s earch -dic t -box .
18
AUDIOVISUAL AND OTHER MULTIMEDIA
ORDER OF ELEMENTS FOR MUTLIMEDIA CITATIONS
Not e: N o t every ele m e nt below is g o i ng to be a p plicable t o ev ery so urce. U se w h atever inf ormati on yo u
ha v e abou t the sou r c e and orde r it i n the foll o w ing s e quen c e.
1. Nam e of t he com p oser , writ e r, director , per f ormer , or other pers o n pri m arily resp o nsible f o r
con tent. Follo w the name w i th a desig nation of r o le, such a s dir e ctor or wr i ter a s ap p r opri a te.
2. Ti t le of w ork in it a lics o r quo t ation mark s . Ti t le of film s , a l bum s, or podca st s er ies are ita lici z ed.
Wor ks wit h in l arger works, lik e a T V epis ode, p o dcast epi s ode, or a TED ta lk lec t ure ar e e n cased i n
qu o tation mar k s .
3. In f ormation ab o u t th e work , s u ch as when a nd w h ere it w as r e c ord e d.
4. In f ormation ab o u t th e pub l isher, in cludi ng dat e of publicati o n.
5. In f ormation ab o u t th e med i um or for m a t, such as DVD or M PEG. Length of f i lm ca n als o be g iven.
6. Any addit iona l info rmation that migh t be u seful for a rea der to loca te ite m.
7. URL for s o urce s fou n d onli ne.
STREAMING VIDEO
Fo r mattin g note :
If the v ideo is a r eco r d ing of a s peech or p erfor man c e, i n c lude inform atio n abo u t th e ori g inal
pe rforma n ce, suc h as the l o cation and date i t w as fi lmed. See T ed Talk exa m p le b elow.
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
1. Dina R adelj as, “ From Ref ugee t o PhD, ” filmed S epte m ber 22, 2 017 i n Utica, NY, TEDx v ideo, 10: 4 7,
ht t ps://w ww.y o utube .com/w a tch?v =Juq 5 a cThE G s .
2. R ober t Yuha s , dir ect o r , Beco m ing Ba r a ck: E volut i on o f a L e a der , V ision F ilm s , 20 1 2 , 53 :05,
Kano py , https : / /mvcc .kano py .com /video / becom i ng - bar ac k - ev olution -lead er .
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Ra d eljas , Din a . “F r om Re f ugee t o Ph D . ” F i lmed S epte m ber 22 , 2 0 17 i n Utica, N Y . TED x vid eo, 10:47 .
ht t ps://w ww.y o utube .com/w a tch?v =Juq 5 a cThE G s .
Yuh a s, Rob ert, direct or. Be c o m ing B a rack : Evo l utio n of a Lead er . V isio n Fil ms, 2 0 12 , 53: 0 5 . Kan o p y.
ht t ps://mv cc.k anopy . com/v ideo/be c omin g -b arack -ev o lution - leader .
19
FILM/DVD
Th e orde r of t he elements liste d for film depe nds on w heth er y ou’r e cit ing a par t icular epi s ode o r an e ntir e
wor k and wheth er a particular contr ibuto r (such as a wr i t er, a c tor, or d irecto r) is the f o cus of the cita t i on.
Fo r more film example s se e Purdu e Owl ’ s web s ite.
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
2. Mich ael K irk, d irect or an d writ er, C h eney ’ s Law (Fron t line , 200 7), DV D.
3. Ann C arrol l and C har l es Poe , wr i ters , Th e New W orld: Night m are i n Jam e s t own ( B urban k, C A :
Wa r n er Ho me Vid e o , 2005) , DVD.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Ca r roll, Ann a nd Ch arles Poe, writ e rs. The N e w Wo r l d: N i g h tm a r e in Jame s town . Burban k , CA: War n e r Hom e
Video , 20 05. D V D.
Kirk, Mic hael, dir e ctor a nd writer. C hene y ’s L a w . Fron t l ine, 2 007. DVD.
PODCAST (C M OS 1 4.2 6 7 )
FOOTNOTE TEMPLATE
1. P o dcas t hos t and gues t , “Tit le of podca st,” d a te, in Titl e of P o dcas t S e ries , produc e d by
or g aniz a tion, p o dcast , MP3 audio , tim e leng th , acc esse d d ate, U R L .
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
1. Liz Cov art and Step h en Br umwell , “ 238 S tephen Br um well, Be n e dict A rnold ,”n. d ., i n B en F r ankli n ’s
Wo r l d , pr o duced by the Omohu ndro I nstitu te, podc ast, MP3 audio , 1:10 :52 , acc essed July 25, 2 019,
ht t ps://w ww.be nfrank lins w orld . c om/ e pisod e -238 -step hen - bru m w ell-be nedic t -arnol d / .
BIBLIOGRAPHY TEMPLATE
Po d cast h ost a n d gue s t. “Titl e of ep i sode. ” Pro d uced by organization . P o dca s t Ser ies Tit le . D a te aired.
Po d cast, MP3 a u dio, time l ength . Acces sed dat e. URL .
BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRY
Cov art, L iz an d Step hen Br umwell . “ 238 Stephe n Br u m well, Bene dict Arnold .” Produ c ed by the O m ohund ro
Ins titu te. Be n Fran k l in ’ s Worl d . N . d . Pod cast, M P3 a u dio, 1:10: 52. Acce s s ed J uly 2 5, 201 9.
ht t ps://w ww.be nfrank lins w orld . c om/ e pisod e -238 -step hen - bru m w ell-be nedic t -arnol d / .
20
WEBSITES
FORMATTING NOTES:
If no p u b lica t ion d a t e i s avai labl e , incl ud e th e mo n t h, d ay an d yea r t h a t yo u ret r i e ved t he d o cu m ent .
So me w ebpa g e s st at e wh en a p a ge w a s la s t mo dif i ed o r upd a t e d. I n c lude this wordi n g wi t h th e d a te
before the URL.
Ti t l es o f web sites are g e n era l ly no t ita l icized in Ch ica go sty l e (C M O S 14 . 206) . Not a ll web s it es have
tit les b u t rat h er a n ent i t y resp onsib l e fo r the site. Tit l e s of blog s can b e ita l iciz e d. Ti t l es o f on l i ne
newspaper s or m a gazi n e s a r e it a lici z ed.
Ti t l es o f the web pag e or ar t icle are s et i n qu ota tio n ma rks.
WEBPAGE WITH AN AUTHOR
FOO T NOTE TEMP LATE
1. Fir stn a me La s t n ame, “Web p age T i tle,” Website T i tle , la st mod ified /upda ted/accessed Month Day,
Year, UR L.
FOOTNOTE ENTRY
2. Lisa Chedek el, “SPH S tud y: Al c o hol Polic ies Contr i bute to S uici de Preve n tion ,” B U Toda y ,
De c em ber 1 4 , 201 6, https:// w w w .bu.edu / arti c les/ 2016/a lcoh o l -polic i es-con trib u te - to-sui c ide-
pr ev ention/.
3. M ichae l Ne l son, “ Barack Obam a : Lif e Bef ore the Pr esid ency , ” Mil ler C ente r , Univ ersity of V irgin i a,
ac c essed J u ly 15 , 2019 , https://mil l erce n ter.org/pr e side n t/obam a/lif e -bef o re-th e -pres i dency .
BIBLIOGRAPHY TEMPLATE
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