MLA Style

MLA style calls for (1) brief in-text documentation and (2) complete bib-

liographic information in a list of works cited at the end of your text. The

models and examples in this chapter draw on the eighth edition of the

MLA Handbook, published by the Modern Language Association in 2016. For

additional information, visit

style.mla.org.

A DIRECTORY TO MLA STYLE

In-Text Documentation 4

1. Author named in a signal phrase 4

2. Author named in parentheses 5

3. Two or more works by the same author 5

4. Authors with the same last name 5

5. Two or more authors 6

6. Organization or government as author 6

7. Author unknown 6

8. Literary works 7

9. Work in an anthology 7

10. Encyclopedia or dictionary 8

11. Legal and historical documents 8

12. Sacred text 8

13. Multivolume work 9

14. Two or more works cited together 9

15. Source quoted in another source 9

16. Work without page numbers 9

17. An entire work or a one-page article 10

MLA Style

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MLA Style

Notes 10

List of Works Cited 11

CORE ELEMENTS 11

AUTHORS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS 14

1. One author 14

2. Two authors 14

3. Three or more authors 14

4. Two or more works by the same author 15

5. Author and editor or translator 15

6. No author or editor 15

7. Organization or government as author 16

ARTICLES AND OTHER SHORT WORKS 16

8. Article in a journal 16

9. Article in a magazine 18

10. Article in a newspaper 20

11. Article accessed through a database 20

12. Entry in a reference work 22

13. Editorial 22

14. Letter to the editor 23

15. Review 23

16. Comment on an online article 24

BOOKS AND PARTS OF BOOKS 24

17. Basic entries for a book 25

18. Anthology 25

19. Work in an anthology 25

20. Multivolume work 27

21. Book in a series 27

22. Graphic narrative 28

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MLA Style

23. Sacred text 28

24. Edition other than the first 28

25. Republished work 28

26. Foreword, introduction, preface, or afterword 29

27. Published letter 29

28. Paper at a conference 29

29. Dissertation 30

WEBSITES 30

30. Entire website 30

31. Work on a website 32

32. Blog entry 32

33. Wiki 32

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION AND SOCIAL MEDIA 32

34. Personal letter 32

35. Email 32

36. Text message 33

37. Post to an online forum 33

38. Post to Twitter, Facebook, or other social media 33

AUDIO, VISUAL, AND OTHER SOURCES 34

39. Advertisement 34

40. Art 34

41. Cartoon 35

42. Supreme Court case 35

43. Film 35

44. Interview 36

45. Map 36

46. Musical score 36

47. Online video 36

48. Oral presentation 37

49. Podcast 37

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MLA Style

50. Radio program 37

51. Sound recording 37

52. TV show 38

53. Video game 38

Formatting a Research Paper 39

Sample Research Paper 40

Throughout this chapter, you’ll  nd models and examples that are color

coded to help you see how writers include source information in their texts

and in their lists of works cited: tan for author, editor, translator, and other

contributors; yellow for titles; gray for publication information — date of

publication, page number(s) or other location information, and so on.

IN-TEXT DOCUMENTATION

Brief documentation in your text makes clear to your reader what you

took from a source and where in the source you found the information.

In your text, you have three options for citing a source: quoting, para-

phrasing, and summarizing. As you cite each source, you will need to

decide whether or not to name the author in a signal phrase — “as Toni

Morrison writes” — or in parentheses — “(Morrison 24).”

The first examples below show basic in-text documentation of a work

by one author. Variations on those examples follow. The examples illus-

trate the MLA style of using quotation marks around titles of short works

and italicizing titles of long works.

1. AUTHOR NAMED IN A SIGNAL PHRASE

If you mention the author in a signal phrase, put only the page number(s)

in parentheses. Do not write page or p.

McCullough describes John Adams’s hands as those of someone used to

manual labor (18).

McCu

(18)

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

2. AUTHOR NAMED IN PARENTHESES

If you do not mention the author in a signal phrase, put his or her last

name in parentheses along with the page number(s). Do not use punctua-

tion between the name and the page number(s).

Adams is said to have had “the hands of a man accustomed to pruning

his own trees, cutting his own hay, and splitting his own firewood”

(McCullough 18).

Whether you use a signal phrase and parentheses or parentheses only, try

to put the parenthetical documentation at the end of the sentence or as

close as possible to the material you’ve cited — without awkwardly inter-

rupting the sentence. Notice that in the example above, the parenthetical

reference comes after the closing quotation marks but before the period

at the end of the sentence.

3. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

If you cite multiple works by one author, include the title of the work you

are citing either in the signal phrase or in parentheses. Give the full title

if it’s brief; otherwise, give a short version.

Kaplan insists that understanding power in the Near East requires

“Western leaders who know when to intervene, and do so without

illusions” (Eastward 330).

Put a comma between author and title if both are in the parentheses.

Understanding power in the Near East requires “Western leaders who

know when to intervene, and do so without illusions” (Kaplan,

Eastward 330).

4. AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST NAME

Give the author’s  rst and last names in any signal phrase, or add the

author’s  rst initial in the parenthetical reference.

(

McCullou

h 18

lan

330

(

East

(Ka

lan,

330)

ast

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MLA Style

Imaginative applies not only to modern literature but also to writing of

all periods, whereas magical is often used in writing about Arthurian

romances (A. Wilson 25).

5. TWO OR MORE AUTHORS

For a work with two authors, name both, either in a signal phrase or in

parentheses.

Carlson and Ventura’s stated goal is to introduce Julio Cortázar,

Marjorie Agosín, and other Latin American writers to an audience of

English-speaking adolescents (v).

For a work by three or more authors, name the  rst author followed by et al.

One popular survey of American literature breaks the contents into

sixteen thematic groupings (Anderson et al. A19-24).

6. ORGANIZATION OR GOVERNMENT AS AUTHOR

Acknowledge the organization either in a signal phrase or in parentheses.

It’s acceptable to shorten long names.

The US government can be direct when it wants to be. For example, it

sternly warns, “If you are overpaid, we will recover any payments not

due you” (Social Security Administration 12).

7. AUTHOR UNKNOWN

If you don’t know the author, use the work’s title or a shortened version

of the title in the parenthetical reference.

A powerful editorial in last week’s paper asserts that healthy liver donor

Mike Hurewitz died because of “frightening” faulty postoperative care

(“Every Patient’s Nightmare”).

Car

son an

Ventura’s

(v)

A19-24

(

Anderson et al.

(

Social Securit

Administration

(

“Ever

Patient’s Ni

htmare”

publication

title

author

25)

(A. Wilson

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MLA Style

8. LITERARY WORKS

When referring to literary works that are available in many different edi-

tions, give the page numbers from the edition you are using, followed by

information that will let readers of any edition locate the text you are citing.

NOVELS. Give the page and chapter number, separated by a semicolon.

In Pride and Prejudice, Mrs. Bennet shows no warmth toward Jane and

Elizabeth when they return from Netherfield (105; ch. 12).

VERSE PLAYS. Give act, scene, and line numbers, separated with periods.

Macbeth continues the vision theme when he says, “Thou hast no

speculation in those eyes / Which thou dost glare with” (3.3.96-97).

POEMS. Give the part and the line numbers (separated by periods). If a poem

has only line numbers, use the word line(s) only in the first reference.

Whitman sets up not only opposing adjectives but also opposing nouns

in “Song of Myself” when he says, “I am of old and young, of the foolish

as much as the wise, / ... a child as well as a man” (16.330-32).

One description of the mere in Beowulf is “not a pleasant place” (line

1372). Later, it is labeled “the awful place” (1378).

9. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY

Name the author(s) of the work, not the editor of the anthology— either

in a signal phrase or in parentheses.

“It is the teapots that truly shock,” according to Cynthia Ozick in her

essay on teapots as metaphor (70).

In In Short: A Collection of Creative Nonfiction, readers will find both an

essay on Scottish tea (Hiestand) and a piece on teapots as metaphors (Ozick).

Pri

e an

Pre

(105; ch. 12)

Whitman

“Son

sel

”

(

16.330-32

Beowulf

(

line

1372

)

. (1378)

nthia Ozick

(

In Short: A Collection o

Creative Non

ictio

(Hiestand)

(

Ozick

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MLA Style

10. ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY

Acknowledge an entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary by giving the

author’s name, if available. For an entry without an author, give the entry’s

title in parentheses. If entries are arranged alphabetically, no page number

is needed.

According to Funk & Wagnall’s New World Encyclopedia, early in his

career Kubrick’s main source of income came from “hustling chess

games in Washington Square Park” (“Kubrick, Stanley”).

11. LEGAL AND HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

For legal cases and acts of law, name the case or act in a signal phrase or

in parentheses. Italicize the name of a legal case.

In 2005, the Supreme Court confirmed in MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster,

Ltd. that peer-to-peer file sharing is copyright infringement.

Do not italicize the titles of laws, acts, or well-known historical documents

such as the Declaration of Independence. Give the title and any relevant

articles and sections in parentheses. It’s  ne to use common abbreviations

such as art. or sec. and to abbreviate well-known titles.

The president is also granted the right to make recess appointments

(US Const., art. 2, sec. 2).

12. SACRED TEXT

When citing a sacred text such as the Bible or the Qur’an for the  rst time,

give the title of the edition, and in parentheses give the book, chapter, and

verse (or their equivalent), separated by periods. MLA recommends abbrevi-

ating the names of the books of the Bible in parenthetical references. Later

citations from the same edition do not have to repeat its title.

The wording from The New English Bible follows: “In the beginning of

creation, when God made heaven and earth, the earth was without form

and void, with darkness over the face of the abyss, and a mighty wind

that swept over the surface of the waters” (Gen. 1.1-2).

(“Kubrick, Stanle

”)

GM Stu

ios, Inc. v. Gro

ster,

Ltd

art. 2, sec. 2

(

US Const.,

The New En

lish Bibl

(Gen. 1.1-2)

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

13. MULTIVOLUME WORK

If you cite more than one volume of a multivolume work, each time you

cite one of the volumes, give the volume and the page number(s) in paren-

theses, separated by a colon and a space.

Sandburg concludes with the following sentence about those paying last

respects to Lincoln: “All day long and through the night the unbroken

line moved, the home town having its farewell” (4: 413).

If your works cited list includes only a single volume of a multivolume

work, give just the page number in parentheses.

14. TWO OR MORE WORKS CITED TOGETHER

If you’re citing two or more works closely together, you will sometimes

need to provide a parenthetical reference for each one.

Tanner (7) and Smith (viii) have looked at works from a cultural perspective.

If you include both in the same parentheses, separate the references with

a semicolon.

Critics have looked at both Pride and Prejudice and Frankenstein from

a cultural perspective (Tanner 7; Smith viii).

15. SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER SOURCE

When you are quoting text that you found quoted in another source, use

the abbreviation qtd. in in the parenthetical reference.

Charlotte Brontë wrote to G. H. Lewes: “Why do you like Miss Austen so

very much? I am puzzled on that point” (qtd. in Tanner 7).

16. WORK WITHOUT PAGE NUMBERS

For works without page numbers, including many online sources, identify

the source using the author or other information either in a signal phrase

or in parentheses.

Sandbur

(4: 413)

viii

Smith 7;

(

Tanner

(

qtd. in Tanner 7

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MLA Style

Studies show that music training helps children to be better at multitask-

ing later in life (”Hearing the Music”).

If the source has chapter, paragraph, or section numbers, use them with

the abbreviations ch., par., or sec.: (“Hearing the Music,” par. 2). Alternatively,

you can refer to a heading on a screen to help readers locate text.

Under the heading “The Impact of the Railroad,” Rawls notes that the

transcontinental railroad was called an iron horse and a greedy octopus.

For an audio or a video recording, give the hours, minutes, and seconds

(separated by colons) as shown on the player: (00:05-08:30).

17. AN ENTIRE WORK OR A ONE-PAGE ARTICLE

If you cite an entire work rather than a part of it, or if you cite a single-

page article, there’s no need to include page numbers.

Throughout life, John Adams strove to succeed (McCullough).

NOTES

Sometimes you may need to give information that doesn’t  t into the text

itself — to thank people who helped you, to provide additional details, to

refer readers to other sources, or to add comments about sources. Such

information can be given in a footnote (at the bottom of the page) or an

endnote (on a separate page with the heading Notes just before your works

cited list). Put a superscript number at the appropriate point in your text,

signaling to readers to look for the note with the corresponding number.

If you have multiple notes, number them consecutively throughout your

paper.

TEXT

This essay will argue that small liberal arts colleges should not recruit

athletes and, more specifically, that giving student athletes preferential

treatment undermines the larger educational goals.

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

NOTE

1. I want to thank all those who have contributed to my thinking

on this topic, especially my classmates and my teacher Marian Johnson.

LIST OF WORKS CITED

A works cited list provides full bibliographic information for every source

cited in your text. See page 40 for guidelines on formatting this list and

page 48 for a sample works cited list.

Core Elements

The new MLA style provides a list of “core elements” for documenting

sources, advising writers to list as many of them as possible in the order

that MLA speci es. We’ve used these general principles to provide tem-

plates and examples for documenting 53 kinds of sources college writers

most often need to cite, and the following general guidelines for how to

treat each of the core elements.

AUTHORS AND OTHER CONTRIBUTORS

• If there is one author, list the name last name  rst: Morrison, Toni.

• If there are two authors, list the  rst author last name  rst and the

second one  rst name  rst: Lunsford, Andrea, and Lisa Ede. Put their

names in the order given in the work.

• If there are three or more authors, give the  rst author’s name followed

by et al.: Rose, Mike, et al.

• Include any middle names or initials: Heath, Shirley Brice; Toklas, Alice B.

• If you’re citing an editor, translator, or others who are not authors,

specify their role. For works with multiple contributors, put the one

whose work you wish to highlight before the title, and list any others

you want to mention after the title. For contributors named before

the title, put the label after the name: Fincher, David, director. For

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MLA Style

those named after the title, specify their role  rst: directed by David

Fincher.

TITLES

• Include any subtitles and capitalize all the words in titles and subtitles

except for articles (a, an, the), prepositions (to, at, from, and so on), and

coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, or, nor, yet) — unless they are

the  rst or last word of a title or subtitle.

• Italicize the titles of books, periodicals, and other long whole works

(Pride and Prejudice, Wired), even if they are part of a larger work.

• Enclose in quotation marks the titles of short works and sources that

are part of larger works: “Letter from Birmingham Jail.”

• To document a source that has no title, describe it without italics or

quotation marks: Letter to the author, Review of doo wop concert.

PUBLICATION INFORMATION

• Write publishers’ names in full, but omit words like Company or Inc.

• For university presses, use U for “University” and P for “Press”:

Princeton UP, U of California P.

DATES

• Whether to give just the year or to include the month and day depends

on the source. Give the full date that you  nd there.

• For books, give the year of publication: 1948. If a book lists more than

one date, use the most recent one.

• Periodicals may be published annually, monthly, seasonally, weekly,

or daily. Give the full date that you  nd in the periodical: 2011, Apr.

2011, Spring 2011, 16 Apr. 2011.

• Abbreviate the months except for May, June, and July: Jan., Feb., Mar.,

Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.

• Because online sources often change or even disappear, provide the

date on which you accessed them: Accessed 6 June 2015.

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

• If an online source includes the time when it was posted or modi ed,

include the time along with the date: 18 Oct. 2005, 9:20 a.m.

LOCATION

• For most print articles and other short works, help readers locate the

source by giving a page number or range of pages: p. 24, pp. 24-35. For

those that are not on consecutive pages, give the  rst page number

with a plus sign: pp. 24+.

• For online sources, give the URL, omitting http:// or https://. If a source

has a permalink, give that.

• For sources found in a database, give the DOI for any that have one.

Otherwise, give the URL.

• For physical objects that you  nd in a museum, archive, or some other

place, give the name of the place and its city: Menil Collection, Houston.

Omit the city if it’s part of the place’s name: Boston Public Library.

• For performances or other live presentations, name the venue and its

city: Mark Taper Forum, Los Angeles. Omit the city if it’s part of the

place’s name: Berkeley Repertory Theatre.

PUNCTUATION

• Use a period after the author name(s) that start an entry (Morrison,

Toni.) and the title of the source you’re documenting (Beloved.)

• Use a comma between the author’s last and  rst names: Morrison, Toni.

• Sometimes you’ll need to provide information about more than one

work for a single source — for instance, when you cite an article from

a periodical that you access through a database. MLA refers to the

periodical and database (or any other entity that holds a source) as

“containers.” Use commas between elements within each container

and put a period at the end of each container. For example:

Semuels, Alana. “The Future Will Be Quiet.” The Atlantic, Apr. 2016,

pp. 19-20. ProQuest, search.proquest.com/docview/

1777443553?accountid+42654. Accessed 5 Apr. 2016.

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MLA Style

The guidelines below should help you document kinds of sources

you’re likely to use. The  rst section shows how to acknowledge authors

and other contributors and applies to all kinds of sources — print, online,

or others. Later sections show how to treat titles, publication information,

location, and access information for many speci c kinds of sources. In

general, provide as much information as possible for each source — enough

to tell readers how to  nd a source if they wish to access it themselves.

Authors and Other Contributors

When you name authors and other contributors in your citations, you are

crediting them for their work and letting readers know who’s in on the con-

versation. The following guidelines for citing authors and other contribu-

tors apply to all sources you cite: in print, online, or in some other media.

1. ONE AUTHOR

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Publisher, Date.

Anderson, Curtis. The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling

Less of More. Hyperion, 2006.

2. TWO AUTHORS

1st Author’s Last Name, First Name, and 2nd Author’s First and Last

Names. Title. Publisher, Date.

Lunsford, Andrea, and Lisa Ede. Singular Texts/Plural Authors:

Perspectives on Collaborative Writing. Southern Illinois UP, 1990.

3. THREE OR MORE AUTHORS

1st Author’s Last Name, First Name, et al. Title. Publisher, Date.

Sebranek, Patrick, et al. Writers INC: A Guide to Writing, Thinking, and

Learning. Write Source, 1990.

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

4. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

Give the author’s name in the  rst entry, and then use three hyphens in

the author slot for each of the subsequent works, listing them alphabeti-

cally by the  rst important word of each title.

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title That Comes First Alphabetically.

Publisher, Date.

- - -. Title That Comes Next Alphabetically. Publisher, Date.

Kaplan, Robert D. The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the

Post Cold War. Random House, 2000.

- - -. Eastward to Tartary: Travels in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the

Caucasus. Random House, 2000.

5. AUTHOR AND EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Role by First and Last Names,

Publisher, Date.

Austen, Jane. Emma. Edited by Stephen M. Parrish, W. W. Norton, 2000.

Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Translated by Richard Pevear

and Larissa Volokhonsky, Vintage Books, 1993.

Start with the editor or translator if you are focusing on that contribution

rather than the author’s.

Pevear, Richard, and Larissa Volokhonsky, translators. Crime and

Punishment. By Fyodor Dostoevsky, Vintage Books, 1993.

6. NO AUTHOR OR EDITOR

When there’s no known author or editor, start with the title.

The Turner Collection in the Clore Gallery. Tate Publications, 1987.

“Being Invisible Closer to Reality.“ The Atlanta Journal-Constitution,

11 Aug. 2008, p. A3.

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MLA Style

7. ORGANIZATION OR GOVERNMENT AS AUTHOR

Organization Name. Title. Publisher, Date.

Diagram Group. The Macmillan Visual Desk Reference. Macmillan, 1993.

For a government publication, give the name of the government  rst, fol-

lowed by the names of any department and agency.

United States, Department of Health and Human Services, National

Institute of Mental Health. Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Government Printing Office, 2004.

When the organization is both author and publisher, start with the title

and list the organization only as the publisher.

Stylebook on Religion 2000: A Reference Guide and Usage Manual.

Catholic News Service, 2002.

Articles and Other Short Works

Articles, essays, reviews, and other shorts works are found in journals,

magazines, newspapers, other periodicals, and books — all of which you

may  nd in print, online, or in a database. For most short works, you’ll need

to provide information about the author, the titles of both the short work

and the longer work, any page numbers, and various kinds of publication

information, all explained below.

8. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Journal,

Volume, Issue, Date, Pages.

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

Documentation Map (MLA)

Article in a Print Journal

Title of article

Author

Name of journal

Volume

Issue

Year

Neuhaus, Jessamyn. “Marge Simpson, Blue-Haired Housewife: Defining

Domesticity on The Simpsons.” The Journal of Popular Culture,

vol. 43, no. 4, 2010, pp. 761-81.

Neuhaus, Jessam

n. “Mar

e Simpson, Blue-Haired Housewife: Definin

Domesticit

e Sim

son

.”

The Journal o

ular Culture,

. 43, no. 4, 2010,

pp.

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MLA Style

Cooney, Brian C. “Considering Robinson Crusoe’s ‘Liberty of Conscience’

in an Age of Terror.” College English, vol. 69, no. 3, Jan. 2007,

pp. 197-215.

ONLINE

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Journal,

Volume, Issue, Date, Pages (if any), URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Gleckman, Jason. “Shakespeare as Poet or Playwright? The Player’s Speech

in Hamlet.” Early Modern Literary Studies, vol. 11, no. 3, Jan. 2006,

purl.oclc.org/emls/11-3/glechaml.htm. Accessed 31 Mar. 2015.

9. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Magazine,

Date, Pages.

Neyfakh, Leon. “The Future of Getting Arrested.” The Atlantic, Jan.-Feb.

2015, pp. 26+.

ONLINE

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Magazine,

Date on web, Pages (if any), URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Khazan, Olga. “Forgetting and Remembering Your First Language.”

The Atlantic, 24 July 2014, www.theatlantic.com/international/

archive/2014/07/learning-forgetting-and-remembering-your-first-

language/374906/. Accessed 2 Apr. 2015.

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

Documentation Map (MLA)

Article in an Online Magazine

Segal, Michael. “The Hit Book That Came from Mars.” Nautilus,

8 Jan. 2015, nautil.us/issue/20/creativity/the-hit-book-that-

came-from-mars. Accessed 10 Oct. 2016.

8 Jan. 2015, nautil.us/issue/20/creativit

/the-hit-book-that

“The Hit Book That Came

rom Mars.” Nautilus

al, Michael.

came-

rom-mars. Accessed 10 Oct. 2016

Name of

magazine

Author

Date

Title of

article

URL

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MLA Style

10. ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Newspaper,

Date, Pages.

Saulny, Susan, and Jacques Steinberg. “On College Forms, a Question of

Race Can Perplex.” The New York Times, 14 June 2011, p. A1.

To document a particular edition of a newspaper, list the edition (late ed.,

natl. ed., and so on) after the date. If a section of the newspaper is num-

bered, put that detail after the edition information.

Burns, John F., and Miguel Helft. “Under Pressure, YouTube Withdraws

Muslim Cleric’s Videos.” The New York Times, 4 Nov. 2010, late ed.,

sec. 1, p. 13.

ONLINE

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Newspaper,

Date on web, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Banerjee, Neela. “Proposed Religion-Based Program for Federal Inmates

Is Canceled.” The New York Times, 28 Oct. 2006, www.nytimes.

com/2006/10/28/us/28prison.html?_r=0. Accessed 4 Apr. 2015.

11. ARTICLE ACCESSED THROUGH A DATABASE

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Periodical,

Volume, Issue, Date, Pages. Name of Database, DOI or URL.

Accessed Day Month Year.

Stalter, Sunny. “Subway Ride and Subway System in Hart Crane’s ‘The

Tunnel.’” Journal of Modern Literature, vol. 33, no. 2, Jan. 2010,

pp. 70- 91. JSTOR, doi: 10.2979/jml.2010.33.2.70. Accessed 30 Mar.

2015.

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

Documentation Map (MLA)

Journal Article Accessed through a Database

Title of article

Pages

Volume,

issue, date

Author

Name of

periodical

URL

Neuhaus, Jessamyn. “Marge Simpson, Blue-Haired Housewife: Deﬁ ning

Domesticity on The Simpsons.” Journal of Popular Culture, vol. 43,

no. 4, Aug. 2010, pp. 761-81. SPORT Discus with Full Text, ezproxy.

libraries.wright.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?

direct=true&db=a9h&AN=52300944&site=ehost-live. Accessed 24 Mar.

2016.

no. 4, Au

, pp. 7

raries.wri

t.e

in?ur

ttp://searc

sco

ost.com/

in.aspx

ect

ue&db

a9h&

AN=

3009

ehost

. A

ccessed

24 M

Name of

database

pro

. 43

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MLA Style

12. ENTRY IN A REFERENCE WORK

Author’s Last Name, First Name (if any). “Title of Entry.” Title of

Reference Book, edited by Editor’s First and Last Names (if any),

Edition number, Publisher, Date, Pages.

“California.” The New Columbia Encyclopedia, edited by William H.

Harris and Judith S. Levey, 4th ed., Columbia UP, 1975, pp. 423-24.

If there’s no author given, start with the title of the entry.

“Feminism.” Longman Dictionary of American English, Longman, 1983,

p. 252.

ONLINE

Document online reference works the same as print ones, adding the URL

and access date after the date of publication.

“Baseball.” The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, edited by Paul Lagassé,

6th ed., Columbia UP, 2012. www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia.

Accessed 25 May 2016.

13. EDITORIAL

“Title of Editorial.” Editorial. Name of Periodical, Date, Page.

“Gas, Cigarettes Are Safe to Tax.” Editorial. The Lakeville Journal, 17 Feb.

2005, p. A10.

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

ONLINE

“Title of Editorial.” Editorial. Name of Periodical, Date on web, URL.

Accessed Day Month Year.

“Keep the Drinking Age at 21.” Editorial. Chicago Tribune, 28 Aug.

2008, articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-08-26/news/0808250487_1_

binge-drinking-drinking-age-alcohol-related-crashes. Accessed

26 Apr. 2015.

14. LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Letter (if any).” Letter. Name

of Periodical, Date on web, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Pinker, Steven. “Language Arts.” Letter. The New Yorker, 4 June 2012,

www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/06/04/language-arts-2. Accessed

6 Apr. 2015.

15. REVIEW

Reviewer’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Review.” Review of Title, by

Author’s First and Last Names. Name of Periodical, Date, Pages.

Frank, Jeffrey. “Body Count.” Review of The Exception, by Christian

Jungersen. The New Yorker, 30 July 2007, pp. 86-87.

If a review has no author or title, start with what’s being reviewed:

Review of Ways to Disappear, by Idra Novey. The New Yorker, 28 Mar.

2016, p. 79.

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MLA Style

ONLINE

Reviewer’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Review.” Review of Title,

by Author’s First and Last Names. Name of Periodical, Date, URL.

Accessed Day Month Year.

Donadio, Rachel. “Italy’s Great, Mysterious Storyteller.” Review

of My Brilliant Friend, by Elena Ferrante. The New York Review

of Books, 18 Dec. 2014, www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/

12/18/italys-great-mysterious-storyteller. Accessed 28 Sept. 2015.

16. COMMENT ON AN ONLINE ARTICLE

Commenter. Comment on “Title of Article.” Name of Periodical,

Date posted, Time posted, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Nick. Comment on “The Case for Reparations.” The Atlantic, 22 May

2014, 3:04 p.m., www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/05/

how-to-comment-on-reparations/371422/#article-comments.

Accessed 8 May 2015.

Books and Parts of Books

For most books, you’ll need to provide information about the author, the

title, the publisher, and the year of publication. If you found the book

inside a larger volume, a database, or some other work, be sure to specify

that as well.

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

17. BASIC ENTRIES FOR A BOOK

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Publisher, Year of publication.

Watson, Brad. Miss Jane. W. W. Norton, 2016.

EBOOK

Document an ebook as you would a print book, but add information about

the ebook — or the type of ebook if you know it.

Watson, Brad. Miss Jane. Ebook, W. W. Norton, 2016.

Watson, Brad. Miss Jane. Kindle ed., W. W. Norton, 2016.

IN A DATABASE

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Publisher, Year of publication.

Name of Database, DOI or URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Anderson, Sherwood. Winesburg, Ohio. B. W. Huebsch, 1919.

Bartleby.com, www.bartleby.com/156/. Accessed 8 Apr. 2015.

18. ANTHOLOGY

Last Name, First Name, editor. Title. Publisher, Year of publication.

Hall, Donald, editor. The Oxford Book of Children’s Verse in America.

Oxford UP, 1985.

19. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Work.” Title of Anthology,

edited by First and Last Names, Publisher, Year of publication,

Pages.

Achebe, Chinua. “Uncle Ben’s Choice.” The Seagull Reader: Literature,

edited by Joseph Kelly, W. W. Norton, 2005, pp. 23-27.

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MLA Style

Fontanella-Khan, Amana. Pink Sari Revolution: A Tale of Women and

Power in India. W. W. Norton, 2013.

Fontanella-Khan

Amana.

ink Sari Revolution: A Tale of Women an

r in In

. W. Norton,

Documentation Map (MLA)

Print Book

Title

Subtitle

Author

Publisher

Year of publication

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MLA Style

TWO OR MORE WORKS FROM ONE ANTHOLOGY

Prepare an entry for each selection by author and title, followed by the

anthology editors’ last names and the pages of the selection. Then include

an entry for the anthology itself (see no. 18).

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Work.” Anthology Editors’

Last Names, Pages.

Hiestand, Emily. “Afternoon Tea.” Kitchen and Jones, pp. 65-67.

Ozick, Cynthia. “The Shock of Teapots.” Kitchen and Jones, pp. 68-71.

20. MULTIVOLUME WORK

ALL VOLUMES

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Publisher, Year(s) of

publication. Number of vols.

Churchill, Winston. The Second World War. Houghton Mifflin, 1948-53.

6 vols.

SINGLE VOLUME

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Vol. number, Publisher,

Year of publication. Number of vols.

Sandburg, Carl. Abraham Lincoln: The War Years. Vol. 2, Harcourt, Brace

& World, 1939. 4 vols.

21. BOOK IN A SERIES

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Edited by First and Last

Names, Publisher, Year of publication. Series Title.

Walker, Alice. Everyday Use. Edited by Barbara T. Christian, Rutgers UP,

1994. Women Writers: Texts and Contexts.

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MLA Style

22. GRAPHIC NARRATIVE

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Publisher, Year of publication.

Bechdel, Alison. Fun Home: A Family Tragicomedy. Houghton Mifflin, 2006.

If the work has both an author and an illustrator, start with the one whose

work is more relevant to your research, and label the role of anyone who’s

not an author.

Pekar, Harvey. Bob & Harv’s Comics. Illustrated by R. Crumb, Running

Press, 1996.

Crumb, R., illustrator. Bob & Harv’s Comics. By Harvey Pekar, Running

Press, 1996.

23. SACRED TEXT

If you cite a speci c edition of a religious text, you need to include it in

your works cited list.

The New English Bible with the Apocrypha. Oxford UP, 1971.

The Torah: A Modern Commentary. Edited by W. Gunther Plaut, Union

of American Hebrew Congregations, 1981.

24. EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Name or number of edition,

Publisher, Year of publication.

Fowler, H. W. A Dictionary of Modern English. 2nd ed., Oxford UP, 1965.

25. REPUBLISHED WORK

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Year of original publication.

Current publisher, Year of republication.

Bierce, Ambrose. Civil War Stories. 1909. Dover, 1994.

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

26. FOREWORD, INTRODUCTION, PREFACE, OR AFTERWORD

Part Author’s Last Name, First Name. Name of Part. Title of Book,

by Author’s First and Last Names, Publisher, Year of publication,

Pages.

Tanner, Tony. Introduction. Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, Penguin,

1972, pp. 7-46.

27. PUBLISHED LETTER

Letter Writer’s Last Name, First Name. Letter to First and Last

Names. Day Month Year. Title of Book, edited by First and Last

Names, Publisher, Year of publication, Pages.

White, E. B. Letter to Carol Angell. 28 May 1970. Letters of E. B. White,

edited by Dorothy Lobarno Guth, Harper & Row, 1976, p. 600.

28. PAPER AT A CONFERENCE

PAPER PUBLISHED IN CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Paper.” Title of Published

Conference Proceedings, edited by First and Last Names, Publisher,

Year of publication, Pages.

Flower, Linda. “Literate Action.” Composition in the Twenty-first Century:

Crisis and Change, edited by Lynn Z. Bloom et al., Southern Illinois

UP, 1996, pp. 249-60.

PAPER HEARD AT A CONFERENCE

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Paper.” Title of Conference,

Day Month Year, Location, City.

Hern, Katie. “Inside an Accelerated Reading and Writing Classroom.”

Conference on Acceleration in Developmental Education, 15 June

2016, Sheraton Inner Harbor Hotel, Baltimore.

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MLA Style

29. DISSERTATION

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Diss. Institution, Year, Publisher,

Year of publication.

Goggin, Peter N. A New Literacy Map of Research and Scholarship in

Computers and Writing. Diss. Indiana U of Pennsylvania, 2000,

University Microfilms International, 2001.

For an unpublished dissertation, put the title in quotation marks, and end

with the institution and the year.

Kim, Loel. “Students Respond to Teacher Comments: A Comparison of

Online Written and Voice Modalities.” Diss. Carnegie Mellon U, 1998.

Websites

Many sources are available in multiple media — for example, a print peri-

odical that is also on the web and contained in digital databases — but

some are published only on websites. This section covers the latter.

30. ENTIRE WEBSITE

Last Name, First Name, role. Title of Site. Publisher, Date, URL.

Accessed Day Month Year.

Zalta, Edward N., principal editor. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language, Stanford

U, 1995-2015, plato.stanford.edu/index.html. Accessed 21 Apr. 2015.

PERSONAL WEBSITE

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Site. Date, URL. Accessed Day

Month Year.

Heath, Shirley Brice. Shirley Brice Heath. 2015, shirleybriceheath.net.

Accessed 6 June 2015.

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

Documentation Map (MLA)

Work on a Website

McIlwain, John, et al. “Housing in America: Integrating Housing, Health,

and Resilience in a Changing Environment.” Urban Land Institute,

Urban Land Institute, 28 Aug. 2014, uli.org/report/housing-in-

america-housing-health-resilience. Accessed 17 Sept. 2015.

McI

wain, Jo

n, et a

. “Housin

in America: Inte

ratin

Housin

, Hea

Resi

ience in a C

Environment.” Ur

an Lan

Institute

an Lan

Institute, 28 Au

. 2014, u

i.or

/report/

ousin

-in

america-

ousin

-resi

ience. Accesse

17 Sept. 2015

Authors

Date

posted

Title of

work

URL

Title of site

Publisher

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MLA Style

31. WORK ON A WEBSITE

Author’s Last Name, First Name (if any). “Title of Work.” Title of Site,

Publisher, Date, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

“Global Minnesota: Immigrants Past and Present.” Immigration History

Research Center, U of Minnesota, 2015, cla.umn.edu.ihrc. Accessed

25 May 2016.

32. BLOG ENTRY

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Blog Entry.” Title of

Blog, Date, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Hollmichel, Stefanie. “Bringing Up the Bodies.” So Many Books, 10 Feb.

2014, somanybooksblog.com/2014/02/10/bring-up-the-bodies/.

Accessed 12 Feb. 2014.

Document a whole blog as you would an entire website (no. 30) and a

comment on a blog as you would a comment on an online article (no. 16).

33. WIKI

“Title of Entry.” Title of Wiki, Publisher, Date, URL. Accessed Day Month

Year.

“Pi.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Aug. 2013, en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/Pi. Accessed 25 Oct. 2013.

Personal Communication and Social Media

34. PERSONAL LETTER

Sender’s Last Name, First Name. Letter to the author. Day Month Year.

Quindlen, Anna. Letter to the author. 11 Apr. 2013.

35. EMAIL

Sender’s Last Name, First Name. “Subject Line.” Received by First and

Last Names, Day Month Year.

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

Smith, William. “Teaching Grammar — Some Thoughts.” Received by

Richard Bullock, 19 Nov. 2013.

36. TEXT MESSAGE

Sender’s Last Name, First Name. Text message. Received by First and Last

Names, Day Month Year.

Douglass, Joanne. Text message. Received by Kim Yi, 4 June 2015.

37. POST TO AN ONLINE FORUM

Author. “Subject line” or “Full text of short untitled post.” Name of

Forum, Day Month Year, URL.

@somekiryu. “What’s the hardest part about writing for you?” Reddit,

22 Apr. 2016, redd.it/4fyni0.

38. POST TO TWITTER, FACEBOOK, OR OTHER SOCIAL MEDIA

Author. “Full text of short untitled post” or “Title” or Descriptive label.

Name of Site, Day Month Year, Time, URL.

@POTUS (Barack Obama). “I’m proud of the @NBA for taking a stand

against gun violence. Sympathy for victims isn’t enough — change

requires all of us speaking up.” Twitter, 23 Dec. 2015, 1:21 p.m.,

twitter.com/POTUS/status/679773729749078016.

Black Lives Matter. “Rise and Grind! Did you sign this petition yet?

We now have a sign on for ORGANIZATIONS to lend their

support.” Facebook, 23 Oct. 2015, 11:30 a.m., www.facebook.com/

BlackLivesMatter/photos/a.294807204023865.1073741829.

180212755483311/504711973033386/?type=3&theater.

@quarterlifepoetry. Illustrated poem about girl at Target. Instagram,

22 Jan. 2015, www.instagram.com/p/yLO6fSurRH/.

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MLA Style

Audio, Visual, and Other Sources

39. ADVERTISEMENT

Name of Product or Company. Advertisement or Description of ad.

Title of Periodical, Date, Page.

Cal Alumni Association. Sports Merchandise ad. California, Spring 2016, p. 3.

AUDIO OR VIDEO

Name of Product or Company. Advertisement or Description of ad.

Date. Name of Host Site, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Chrysler. Super Bowl commercial. 6 Feb. 2011. YouTube,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKLZ254Y_jtc. Accessed 1 May 2015.

40. ART

ORIGINAL

Artist’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Art. Year created, Site, City.

Van Gogh, Vincent. The Potato Eaters. 1885, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.

REPRODUCTION

Artist’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Art. Year created. Title of Book,

by First and Last Names, Publisher, Year of publication, Page.

Van Gogh, Vincent. The Potato Eaters. 1885. History of Art: A Survey of

the Major Visual Arts from the Dawn of History to the Present Day,

by H. W. Janson, Prentice-Hall/Harry N. Abrams, 1969, p. 508.

ONLINE

Artist’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Art. Year created. Name of Site,

URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Warhol, Andy. Self-portrait. 1979. J. Paul Getty Museum, www.getty.

edu/art/collection/objects/106971/andy-warhol-self-portrait-

american-1979/. Accessed 20 Jan. 2015.

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

41. CARTOON

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Cartoon.”Title of Periodical,

Date, Page.

Chast, Roz. “The Three Wise Men of Thanksgiving.” The New Yorker,

1 Dec. 2003, p. 174.

ONLINE

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Cartoon.” Title of Site,

Date, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Munroe, Randall. “Up Goer Five.” xkcd, 12 Nov. 2012, xkcd.com/1133/.

Accessed 22 Apr. 2015.

42. SUPREME COURT CASE

First Plaintiff v. First Defendant. United States Reports citation. Name of

Court, Year of decision, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

District of Columbia v. Heller. 554 US 570. Supreme Court of the US, 2008,

www.lawcornell.edu/supct/html/07-290.ZS.html. Accessed 3 June 2016.

43. FILM

Name individuals based on the focus of your project — the director, the

screenwriter, the cinematographer, or someone else.

Title of Film. Role by First and Last Names, Production Studio, Date.

Breakfast at Tiffany’s. Directed by Blake Edwards, Paramount, 1961.

STREAMING

Title of Film. Role by First and Last Names, Production Studio,

Date. Streaming Service, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Interstellar. Directed by Christopher Nolan, Paramount, 2014. Amazon

Prime Video, www.amazon.com/Interstellar-Matthew-McConaughey/

dp/B00TU9UFTS. Accessed 2 May 2015.

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MLA Style

44. INTERVIEW

If the interview has a title, put it in quotation marks following the sub-

ject’s name.

BROADCAST

Subject’s Last Name, First Name. Interview or “Title of Interview.”

Title of Program, Network, Day Month Year.

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Interview. Fresh Air, NPR, 9 Apr. 2002.

PUBLISHED

Subject’s Last Name, First Name. Interview or “Title of Interview.” Title

of Publication, Date, Pages.

Stone, Oliver. Interview. Esquire, Nov. 2004, pp. 170-71.

PERSONAL

Subject’s Last Name, First Name. Personal interview. Day Month Year.

Roddick, Andy. Personal interview. 17 Aug. 2013.

45. MAP

“Title of Map.” Publisher, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

“National Highway System.“ US Department of Transportation Federal

Highway Administration, www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/images/nhs.pdf.

Accessed 10 May 2015.

46. MUSICAL SCORE

Composer’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Composition. Year of

composition. Publisher, Year of publication.

Stravinsky, Igor. Petrushka. 1911. W. W. Norton, 1967.

47. ONLINE VIDEO

Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title. Name of Host Site, Date, URL.

Accessed Day Month Year.

publication

title

author

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MLA Style

Westbrook, Adam. Cause/Effect: The Unexpected Origins of Terrible Things.

Vimeo, 9 Sept. 2014, vimeo.com/105681474. Accessed 20 Dec. 2015.

48. ORAL PRESENTATION

Presenter’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Presentation.” Sponsoring

Institution, Date, Location.

Cassin, Michael. “Nature in the Raw — The Art of Landscape Painting.”

Berkshire Institute for Lifelong Learning, 24 Mar. 2005, Clark Art

Institute, Williamstown.

49. PODCAST

If you accessed a podcast online, give the URL and date of access; if you

accessed it through a service such as iTunes or Spotify, indicate that instead.

Last Name, First Name, role. “Title of Episode.” Title of Program,

season, episode, Sponsor, Date, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Koenig, Sarah, host. “DUSTWUN.” Serial, season 2, episode 1, WBEZ, 10 Dec.

2015, serialpodcast.org/season-two/1/dustwun. Accessed 23 Apr. 2016.

Foss, Gilad, writer and performer. “Aquaman’s Brother-in-Law.”

Superhero Temp Agency, season 1, episode 1, 16 Apr. 2015. iTunes.

50. RADIO PROGRAM

Last Name, First Name, role. “Title of Episode.” Title of Program, Station,

Day Month Year of broadcast, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

Glass, Ira, host. “In Defense of Ignorance.” This American Life, WBEZ,

22 Apr. 2016, thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/585/

in-defense-of-ignorance. Accessed 2 May 2016.

51. SOUND RECORDING

ONLINE

Last Name, First Name. “Title of Work.” Title of Album, Distributor, Date.

Name of Audio Service.

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MLA Style

Simone, Nina. “To Be Young, Gifted and Black.” Black Gold, RCA Records,

1969. Spotify.

Last Name, First Name. “Title of Work.” Title of Album, Distributor, Date.

Brown, Greg. “Canned Goods.” The Live One, Red House, 1995.

52. TV SHOW

ORIGINAL BROADCAST

“Title of Episode.” Title of Show, role by First and Last Names,

season, episode, Network, Day Month Year.

“The Silencer.” Criminal Minds, written by Erica Messer, season 8,

episode 1, NBC, 26 Sept. 2012.

DVD

“Title of Episode.” Broadcast Year. Title of DVD, role by First and Last

Names, season, episode, Production Studio, Release Year, disc number.

“The Pants Tent.” 2003. Curb Your Enthusiasm: Season One, performance

by Larry David, season 1, episode 1, HBO Video, 2006, disc 1.

ONLINE

“Title of Episode.” Title of Show, season, episode, role by First and Last

Names (if any), Production Studio, Day Month Year. Name of Host

Site, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

“Shadows in the Glass.” Marvel’s Daredevil, season 1, episode 8, Netflix,

10 Apr. 2015. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/80018198?trackId

=13752289&tctx=0%2C7%2Cbcfd6259-6e64-4d51-95ab-2a9f747e-

abf0-158552415. Accessed 3 Nov. 2015.

53. VIDEO GAME

Last Name, First Name, role. Title of Game. Distributor, Date of release.

Gaming System or Platform.

publication

title

author

BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 38BUL_61707_MLA_001-049.indd 38 25/06/16 5:20 PM25/06/16 5:20 PM

MLA Style

Metzen, Chris, and James Waugh, writers. StarCraft II: Legacy of the

Void. Blizzard Entertainment, 2015. OS X.

FORMATTING A RESEARCH PAPER

Name, course, title. MLA does not require a separate title page. In the

upper left-hand corner of your first page, include your name, your professor’s

name, the name of the course, and the date. Center the title of your paper

on the line after the date; capitalize it as you would a book title.

Page numbers. In the upper right-hand corner of each page, one-half

inch below the top of the page, include your last name and the page num-

ber. Number pages consecutively throughout your paper.

Font, spacing, margins, and indents. Choose a font that is easy to read

(such as Times New Roman) and that provides a clear contrast between regu-

lar and italic text. Double-space the entire paper, including your works

cited list. Set one-inch margins at the top, bottom, and sides of your text;

do not justify your text. The first line of each paragraph should be indented

one-half inch from the left margin.

Long quotations. When quoting more than three lines of poetry, more

than four lines of prose, or dialogue between characters in a drama, set

off the quotation from the rest of your text, indenting it one-half inch (or

five spaces) from the left margin. Do not use quotation marks, and put

any parenthetical documentation after the final punctuation.

In Eastward to Tartary , Kaplan captures ancient and contemporary

Antioch for us:

At the height of its glory in the Roman-Byzantine age, when it

had an amphitheater, public baths, aqueducts, and sewage pipes,

half a million people lived in Antioch. Today the population is

only 125,000. With sour relations between Turkey and Syria, and

unstable politics throughout the Middle East, Antioch is now a

backwater — seedy and tumbledown, with relatively few tourists.

I found it altogether charming. (123)

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MLA Style

In the first stanza of Arnold’s “Dover Beach,” the exclamations make clear

that the speaker is addressing someone who is also present in the scene:

Come to the window, sweet is the night air!

Only, from the long line of spray

Where the sea meets the moon-blanched land,

Listen! You hear the grating roar

Of pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling. (6-10)

Be careful to maintain the poet’s line breaks. If a line does not  t on one

line of your paper, put the extra words on the next line. Indent that line

an additional quarter inch (or two spaces).

Illustrations. Insert illustrations close to the text that discusses them.

For tables, provide a number (Table 1) and a title on separate lines above

the table. Below the table, provide a caption and information about the

source. For graphs, photos, and other figures, provide a figure number

(Fig. 1), caption, and source information below the figure. If you give only

brief source information (such as a parenthetical note), or if the source is

cited elsewhere in your text, include it in your list of works cited. Be sure

to make clear how any illustrations relate to your point.

List of Works Cited. Start your list on a new page, following any notes.

Center the title and double-space the entire list. Begin each entry at the

left margin, and indent subsequent lines one-half inch (or five spaces).

Alphabetize the list by authors’ last names (or by editors’ or translators’

names, if appropriate). Alphabetize works with no author or editor by

title, disregarding A, An, and The. To cite more than one work by a single

author, list them as in no. 4 on page 15.

SAMPLE RESEARCH PAPER

The following report was written by Dylan Borchers for a  rst-year writing

course. It’s formatted according to the guidelines of the MLA (style.mla.org).

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MLA Style

Borchers 1

Dylan Borchers

Professor Bullock

English 102, Section 4

4 May 2012

Against the Odds:

Harry S. Truman and the Election of 1948

Just over a week before Election Day in 1948, a New York

Times article noted “[t]he popular view that Gov. Thomas E.

Dewey’s election as President is a foregone conclusion” (Egan).

This assessment of the race between incumbent Democrat Harry

S. Truman and Dewey, his Republican challenger, was echoed a

week later when Life magazine published a photograph whose

caption labeled Dewey “The Next President” (Photo of Truman 37).

In a Newsweek survey of fifty prominent political writers, each one

predicted Truman’s defeat, and Time correspondents declared that

Dewey would carry 39 of the 48 states (Donaldson 210). Nearly every

major media outlet across the United States endorsed Dewey and

lambasted Truman. As historian Robert H. Ferrell observes, even

Truman’s wife, Bess, thought he would be beaten (270).

The results of an election are not so easily predicted, as the

famous photograph in fig. 1 shows. Not only did Truman win the

election, but he won by a significant margin, with 303 electoral

votes and 24,179,259 popular votes, compared to Dewey’s 189

electoral votes and 21,991,291 popular votes (Donaldson 204-07).

In fact, many historians and political analysts argue that Truman

}

”

•

1”

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Title centered.

Double-spaced

throughout.

1”1”

••

•

1”

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Author named

in signal phrase,

page number in

parentheses.

Last name and

page number.

No page number

needed for one-

page source.

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MLA Style

would have won by an even greater margin had third-party

Progressive candidate Henry A. Wallace not split the Democratic

vote in New York State and Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond not won four

states in the South (McCullough 711). Although Truman’s defeat

was heavily predicted, those predictions themselves, Dewey’s

passiveness as a campaigner, and Truman’s zeal turned the tide for

a Truman victory.

In the months preceding the election, public opinion polls

predicted that Dewey would win by a large margin. Pollster Elmo

Roper stopped polling in September, believing there was no reason

to continue, given a seemingly inevitable Dewey landslide. Although

the margin narrowed as the election drew near, the other pollsters

Borchers 2

•

Fig. 1. President Harry S. Truman holds up an edition of the Chicago

Daily Tribune that mistakenly announced “Dewey Defeats Truman”

(Rollins).

Illustration is

positioned close

to the text to

which it relates,

with figure

number, caption,

and parenthetical

documentation.

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Borchers 3

predicted a Dewey win by at least 5 percent (Donaldson 209). Many

historians believe that these predictions aided the president in

the long run. First, surveys showing Dewey in the lead may have

prompted some of Dewey’s supporters to feel overconfident about

their candidate’s chances and therefore to stay home from the polls

on Election Day. Second, these same surveys may have energized

Democrats to mount late get-out-the-vote efforts (“1948 Truman-

Dewey Election”). Other analysts believe that the overwhelming

predictions of a Truman loss also kept at home some Democrats who

approved of Truman’s policies but saw a Truman loss as inevitable.

According to political analyst Samuel Lubell, those Democrats may

have saved Dewey from an even greater defeat (Hamby, Man 465).

Whatever the impact on the voters, the polling numbers had a

decided effect on Dewey.

Historians and political analysts alike cite Dewey’s overly

cautious campaign as one of the main reasons Truman was able

to achieve victory. Dewey firmly believed in public opinion polls.

With all indications pointing to an easy victory, Dewey and his

staff believed that all he had to do was bide his time and make

no foolish mistakes. Dewey himself said, “When you’re leading,

don’t talk” (Smith 30). Each of Dewey’s speeches was well crafted

and well rehearsed. As the leader in the race, he kept his remarks

faultlessly positive, with the result that he failed to deliver a solid

message or even mention Truman or any of Truman’s policies.

Eventually, Dewey began to be perceived as aloof and stuffy. One

•

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No signal phrase;

author and

page number in

parentheses.

Paragraphs

indented

}

inch

or 5 spaces.

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observer compared him to the plastic groom on top of a wedding

cake (Hamby, “Harry S. Truman”), and others noted his stiff, cold

demeanor (McCullough 671–74).

As his campaign continued, observers noted that Dewey

seemed uncomfortable in crowds, unable to connect with ordinary

people. And he made a number of blunders. One took place at a

train stop when the candidate, commenting on the number of

children in the crowd, said he was glad they had been let out of

school for his arrival. Unfortunately for Dewey, it was a Saturday

(“1948: The Great Truman Surprise”). Such gaffes gave voters the

feeling that Dewey was out of touch with the public.

Again and again through the autumn of 1948, Dewey’s

campaign speeches failed to address the issues, with the candidate

declaring that he did not want to “get down in the gutter” (Smith

515). When told by fellow Republicans that he was losing ground,

Dewey insisted that his campaign not alter its course. Even Time

magazine, though it endorsed and praised him, conceded that

his speeches were dull (McCullough 696). According to historian

Zachary Karabell, they were “notable only for taking place, not for

any specific message” (244). Dewey’s numbers in the polls slipped

in the weeks before the election, but he still held a comfortable

lead over Truman. It would take Truman’s famous whistle-stop

campaign to make the difference.

Few candidates in US history have campaigned for the

presidency with more passion and faith than Harry Truman. In

Borchers 4

•

Two works cited

within the same

sentence.

Title used when

there’s no known

author.

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MLA Style

Borchers 5

the autumn of 1948, he wrote to his sister, “It will be the greatest

campaign any President ever made. Win, lose, or draw, people will

know where I stand” (91). For thirty-three days, Truman traveled

the nation, giving hundreds of speeches from the back of the

Ferdinand Magellan railroad car. In the same letter, he described the

pace: “We made about 140 stops and I spoke over 147 times, shook

hands with at least 30,000 and am in good condition to start out

again tomorrow for Wilmington, Philadelphia, Jersey City, Newark,

Albany and Buffalo” (91). McCullough writes of Truman’s

campaign:

No President in history had ever gone so far in quest of

support from the people, or with less cause for the effort,

to judge by informed opinion. ... As a test of his skills and

judgment as a professional politician, not to say his stamina

and disposition at age sixty-four, it would be like no other

experience in his long, often difficult career, as he himself

understood perfectly. More than any other event in his public

life, or in his presidency thus far, it would reveal the kind of

man he was. (655)

He spoke in large cities and small towns, defending his

policies and attacking Republicans. As a former farmer and

relatively late bloomer, Truman was able to connect with the public.

He developed an energetic style, usually speaking from notes rather

than from a prepared speech, and often mingled with the crowds

that met his train. These crowds grew larger as the campaign

•

Parenthetical

reference

after final

punctuation.

Quotations of

more than 4 lines

indented

}

inch

(5 spaces) and

double-spaced.

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MLA Style

progressed. In Chicago, over half a million people lined the streets

as he passed, and in St. Paul the crowd numbered over 25,000.

When Dewey entered St. Paul two days later, he was greeted by

only 7,000 supporters (“1948 Truman-Dewey Election”). Reporters

brushed off the large crowds as mere curiosity seekers wanting to

see a president (McCullough 682). Yet Truman persisted, even if

he often seemed to be the only one who thought he could win. By

going directly to the American people and connecting with them,

Truman built the momentum needed to surpass Dewey and win the

election.

The legacy and lessons of Truman’s whistle-stop campaign

continue to be studied by political analysts, and politicians today

often mimic his campaign methods by scheduling multiple visits

to key states, as Truman did. He visited California, Illinois, and

Ohio 48 times, compared with 6 visits to those states by Dewey.

Political scientist Thomas M. Holbrook concludes that his strategic

campaigning in those states and others gave Truman the electoral

votes he needed to win (61, 65).

The 1948 election also had an effect on pollsters, who, as

Elmo Roper admitted, “couldn’t have been more wrong.” Life

magazine’s editors concluded that pollsters as well as reporters and

commentators were too convinced of a Dewey victory to analyze

the polls seriously, especially the opinions of undecided voters

(Karabell 256). Pollsters assumed that undecided voters would vote

in the same proportion as decided voters — and that turned out

Borchers 6

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MLA Style

to be a false assumption (Karabell 257). In fact, the lopsidedness

of the polls might have led voters who supported Truman to

call themselves undecided out of an unwillingness to associate

themselves with the losing side, further skewing the polls’ results

(McDonald et al. 152). Such errors led pollsters to change their

methods significantly after the 1948 election.

After the election, many political analysts, journalists, and

historians concluded that the Truman upset was in fact a victory

for the American people, who, the New Republic noted, “couldn’t

be ticketed by the polls, knew its own mind and had picked the

rather unlikely but courageous figure of Truman to carry its banner”

(T.R.B. 3). How “unlikely” is unclear, however; Truman biographer

Alonzo Hamby notes that “polls of scholars consistently rank

Truman among the top eight presidents in American history”

(Man 641). But despite Truman’s high standing, and despite the

fact that the whistle-stop campaign is now part of our political

landscape, politicians have increasingly imitated the style of the

Dewey campaign, with its “packaged candidate who ran so as not to

lose, who steered clear of controversy, and who made a good show

of appearing presidential” (Karabell 266). The election of 1948 shows

that voters are not necessarily swayed by polls, but it may have

presaged the packaging of candidates by public relations experts, to

the detriment of public debate on the issues in future presidential

elections.

Borchers 7

•

Work by 3 or

more authors is

shortened using

et al.

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MLA Style

Works Cited

Donaldson, Gary A. Truman Defeats Dewey. UP of Kentucky, 1999.

Egan, Leo. “Talk Is Now Turning to the Dewey Cabinet.” The

New York Times, 20 Oct. 1948, p. 8E, www.nytimes.com/

timesmachine/1948/10/26/issue.html. Accessed 18 Apr. 2012.

Ferrell, Robert H. Harry S. Truman: A Life. U of Missouri P, 1994.

Hamby, Alonzo L., editor. “Harry S. Truman: Campaigns and

Elections.” American President, Miller Center, U of Virginia,

11 Jan. 2012, millercenter.org/president/biography/truman-

campaigns-and-elections. Accessed 17 Mar. 2012.

- - -. Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman. Oxford UP, 1995.

Holbrook, Thomas M. “Did the Whistle-Stop Campaign Matter?” PS:

Political Science and Politics, vol. 35, no. 1, Mar. 2002, pp. 59-66.

Karabell, Zachary. The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the

1948 Election. Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.

McCullough, David. Truman. Simon and Schuster, 1992.

McDonald, Daniel G., et al. “The Spiral of Silence in the 1948

Presidential Election.” Communication Research, vol. 28, no. 2,

Apr. 2001, pp. 139-55.

“1948: The Great Truman Surprise.” The Press and the Presidency,

Dept. of Political Science and International Affairs, Kennesaw

State U, 29 Oct. 2003, kennesaw.edu/pols.3380/pres/1984.html.

Accessed 10 Apr. 2012.

Borchers 8

•

1”

•

Heading

centered.

Alphabetized

by authors’ last

names.

Double-spaced.

Each entry

begins at the

left margin;

subsequent

lines are indented.

Multiple works

by a single

author listed

alphabetically by

title. For second

and subsequent

works, replace

author’s name

with three

hyphens.

Sources

beginning with

numerals are

alphabetized

as if the number

were spelled out.

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“1948 Truman-Dewey Election.” American Political History, Eagleton

Institute of Politics, Rutgers, State U of New Jersey,

1995-2012, www.eagleton.rutgers.edu/research/

americanhistory/ap_trumandewey.php. Accessed 18 Apr. 2012.

Photo of Truman in San Francisco. “The Next President Travels by

Ferry Boat over the Broad Waters of San Francisco Bay.” Life,

1 Nov. 1948, p. 37. Google Books, books.google.com/books?id=

ekoEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.

Accessed 20 Apr. 2012.

Rollins, Byron. “President Truman with Chicago Daily Tribune

Headline of ‘Dewey Defeats Truman.’ ” Associated Press, 4 Nov.

1948. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum, www.trumanlibrary.

org/photographs/view.php?id=25248. Accessed 20 Apr. 2012.

Roper, Elmo. “Roper Eats Crow; Seeks Reason for Vote Upset.”

Evening Independent, 6 Nov. 1948, p. 10. Google News, news.

google.com/newspapers?nid=PZE8UkGerEcC&dat=19481106&

printsec=frontpage&hl=en. Accessed 13 Apr. 2012.

Smith, Richard Norton. Thomas E. Dewey and His Times. Simon and

Schuster, 1982.

T.R.B. “Washington Wire.” The New Republic, 15 Nov. 1948, pp. 3-4.

EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db

=tsh&AN=14779640&site=ehost-live. Accessed 20 Apr. 2012.

Truman, Harry S. “Campaigning, Letter, October 5, 1948.” Harry S.

Truman, edited by Robert H. Ferrell, CQ P, 2003, p. 91.

Borchers 9

•

Every source

used is in the list

of works cited.

A range of

dates is given

for web projects

developed over a

period of time.

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