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Almighty. Free will is certainly the best of all things, but Adam sees it as impossible for
his finite station in life. Man, as part of the Hobbesian material universe, is unable to
ascend to the level of God and the angels. It would certainly take the knowledge of good
and evil to reach that point, as Hobbes in his treatise Of Liberty and Necessity
enunciates:
First, I conceive that when it comes into a man’s mind to do or not to do
some certain action, if he have no time to deliberate, the doing it or
abstaining necessarily follows the present thought he has of the good or
evil consequence thereof to himself [. . . .] Also when a man has time to
deliberate but deliberates not, because never anything appeared that could
make him doubt of the consequence, the action follows his opinion of the
goodness or harm of it. (36-37)
However, the angels are not finished with their instruction; likewise, Adam still has his
objections. Answering Adam’s question Raphael says that God “cannot give his
boundless pow’r away; / But boundless libertie of choice he may” (4.1.37-38). Using the
Ptolemaic system of the universe as a metaphor, Raphael explains that, although all the
heavenly bodies receive their motion from God, “the first mover” (4.1.39), the “[o]rbs”
themselves are responsible for continuing their own “proper revolutions” (4.1.39,40).
While the Heavenly Father has put Adam’s life in motion, the direction it takes is entirely
up to Adam. Having a free will, Adam is morally responsible for his own actions, or, as
Bramhall proclaims in his A Defence of True Liberty
, “[n]o object, no second agent,
angel or devil, can determine the will of man naturally, but God alone, in respect of his
supreme dominion over all things” ( 48), but even though God has supreme dominion,
humans are responsible for their actions as Bramhall once again maintains: